with good, rich loam, leaving a mound in the center on which to set the roots. The roots of the tree should slope downward rather than with the ends higher than at the point where they leave the tree, as I have often seen them. They should be smoothly trimmed with a sharp knife, where the ends have been broken in digging, and protected from the sun and wind by damp straw, or covered with loose earth until planted. The tree should be held in place at the depth at which it grew and the roots spread as evenly as possible in the hole. Then good, rich loam should be carefully and firmly worked among them until they are covered. The hole, after being filled, should be covered with heavy mulching. "The trunks of all trees with smooth bark should be protected from the rays of the sun. In fact, all trees recently transplanted do better if protected. Straw rope, wound around the tree, is the best protection, but the wooden guard is much better than nothing. All trees planted on the street should be protected by the guard to save them from injury from the teeth of biting animals. The guards used by the park board are very inexpensive and are worth ten times their cost. When the tree begins to grow it should be very carefully watched, and, if the season is dry, it should be watered. Do not sprinkle a little water over the surface of the ground every day. That brings the fine roots to the surface, where they will soon dry up, but give them a thorough soaking once in two weeks.. By observing these rules, the work done on Arbor day will bring lasting satisfaction to the tree planters while living, and blessings upon their heads by the generations who follow them. PARKS AND RECREATION. "I thank you very much for your attention. I hope we shall meet each other in the parks and on the parkways for many years to come, and that when the reins of government pass into your hands that you will continue the work of beautifying our city, and that you will make it so attractive that none who see it will ever wish to leave it. Every one admits the importance of out-of-door exercise in promoting and preserving health, and you who have had the advantages of the healthful recreation of rowing or skating on the lakes of our parks, will be better able to testify to their advantages than are a majority of our older citizens. "All of the larger cities of the civilized world are providing playgrounds for the children where they can have all kinds of games and gymnastic exercises, deeming them essential to their comfort, pleasure and physical and moral development, and I urge you to use your influence in securing them for our city. Keep this in mind; if the result cannot be accomplished before you cast your votes, let your first vote be in favor of it. "Demand bathing houses on the river banks. Ask your parents to go picnicking with you and take the younger children. Load up the delivery and express wagons and drive to the woods; learn the names of the different varieties of trees, and study their habits and their wonderful architecture, and you will agree with the poet who sang: 'Summer or winter, day or night; THE MOVEMENT FOR GOOD ROADS IN MASSACHUSETTS. "FOLK "OLK-LORE" also opens it columns to an interesting letter by Colonel A. A. Pope, of Boston, on "State Roads in Massachusetts." The movement for good roads in the United states is an economic and a patriotic movement of prime importance, and the man who is able to promote its success is a public benefactor. Colonel Pope sums up the recent experience of Massachusetts as follows: "For the past three years the press of the United States has so thoroughly discussed the different advantages of good roads, and so universally endorsed this reform, that all classes of our citizens appreciate the necessity of, and are anxious for, the immediate adoption of such laws as will hasten the construction of state highways. "Massachusetts has from the outset taken the lead in this matter, and the spirit of her Legislature has been shown by making the Highway Commission a permanent one, and by appropriating $300,000 to be expended under the immediate supervision of the commission, in constructing new and rebuilding old roads. "As a natural result of the popular agitation and the monster petition, which I had the honor to present to Congress in 1893, the United States recognized the necessity of a move in this direction, and under the 'Agricultural bill' made a special appropriation of $10,000 to meet the expense of a careful investigation into the condition of roads throughout the country, and for the publication of such information as would assist the people in bettering their highways. The Department of Agriculture has issued a number of bulletins, and it is gratifying to learn that more than a score of states have already passed new road laws, while nearly all the others are planning for the adoption of measures for the promotion of this reform. "Experience has shown that the course pursued by Massachusetts is the one which commends itself most strongly, both to the people at large and to their legal representatives, the various state legislatures, and it is natural to suppose that if all were familiar with the work here the knowledge would be utilized to bring about similar legislation wherever the method of procedure is still unsettled. For this reason I would call to your attention and urge upon you the advisability of enlightening your readers on the good work we have already accomplished. roads, and to draft a bill providing for the improvement of the highways of the commonwealth. The law suggested by the commission was, with some changes, passed in June, 1893, but, before any petitions for construction of state highways were submitted to the General Court, an act was introduced and passed June 20, 1894, increasing the powers of the commission, and permitting the selectmen of any town, or the Mayor and Aldermen of any city, as well as County Commissioners, to petition the Highway Commission for taking roads as state highways. In place of submitting to the Legislature a separate bill for the construction of each road, it was voted that the appropriation be used by the Highway Commission, without further legislation, in building state highways. "The $300,000 has been pretty evenly divided among fourteen counties. Before deciding which of the many petitions should be granted an official visit was paid to each locality, and full information as to the value of the proposed improvement collected. While this method has distributed the work in small sections of roads, thus increasing the expense per mile, the advantage to the people at large will be greater, for the reason that each portion of the state highway constructed is intended to be an object les. son to those living near by. County commissioners and other officials will watch the work as it progresses, and follow out the same lines in building county and other roads which are not intended for state highways. "The plan is to build, section by section, such roads as will connect the great centers of trade, and join with through roads in other states, so that both local and interstate communication will be benefited. Under date of January, 1895, the Massachusetts Highway Commission rendered a report which covers the work of the past year, and this publication should be consulted by those who are considering legislation. SHADE TREES ON HIGHWAYS. "It is worthy of special note that careful consideration has been given in Massachusetts to the plan of planting shade trees along the highways. With this end in view, says Col. Pope, experts have been consulted concerning the best varieties for the purpose, and the wayside trees have been examined, so as to determine the species well adapted to the climate and soil of that state. "As the estimated expense of procuring and planting these trees is not less than one-half a million dollars, the commission have rightly made this question secondary to road building, but in the meantime they are collecting such data as will enable them to work with profit on the adornment of the roads after the construction is well in hand. The American and English elms have the advantage of fairly rapid growth, with shade high above ground, and the leaves falling from them give but little obstruction to the gutters. They have the disadvantage of being subject to the attacks of insects, so that the cost of protecting them from these pests would be considerable. Maples grow well and are beautiful, though they often shade the road too much. It is the custom in parts of Europe to plant the roadsides with trees which yield profitable crops. In France and Germany, for example, cherry trees abound. In these countries the yield of the wayside trees belongs to the neighboring land owners, but in some cases to the community, and their product is well guarded by law. There will be more or less experimenting on the part of the commission before they decide upon the species to be planted. The law provides for the beginning of this work in the spring of 1895, and from that time it will be carried on slowly, so as to give us the benefit of experience." 66 England's motives in her Venezuelan movements are, of course, entirely honorable and disinterested, because England herself admits freely on all occasions that these are her characteristic qualities in dealing with other nations. It is easy also to appreciate England's natural and strong resentment toward a country she has injured as much as she has injured Venezuela, but, at the same time, let England's motives or feelings be what they may, we are concerned for the interests of the United States. The practical result of England's aggressions in Venezuela is plain enough. They are all directed to securing the control of the Orinoco, the great river system of Northern South America, and also of the rich mining district of the Yuruari. All that England has done has been a direct violation of the Monroe doctrine, and she has increased and quickened her aggressions in proportion as the United States have appeared indifferent. "The time has come for decisive action. The United States must either maintain the Monroe doctrine and treat its infringement as an act of hostility or abandon it. If Great Britain is to be permitted to occupy the ports of Nicaragua and, still worse, take the territory of Venezuela, there is nothing to prevent her taking the whole of Venezuela or any other South American State. If Great Britain can do this with impunity, France and Germany will do it also. These powers have already seized the islands of the Pacific and parceled out Africa. Great Britain cannot extend her possessions in the East. She has pretty nearly reached the limit of what can be secured in Africa. She is now turning her attention to South America. If the United States are prepared to see South America pass gradually into the hands of Great Britain and other European powers and to be hemmed in by British naval posts and European dependencies there is, of course, nothing more to be said. But the American people are not ready to abandon the Monroe doctrine, or give up their rightful supremacy in the Western hemisphere. On the contrary, they are as ready now to fight to maintain both as they were when they forced the French out of Mexico. They are not now, and never will be, willing to have South America and the islands adjacent to the United States seized by European powers. They are resolved that the Nicaraguan canal shall be built and absolutely controlled by the United States. It is high time, therefore, that steps should be taken to maintain the policy of Washington and Adams, to which American statesmen of all parties have adhered down to the present time. It is not too late to peacefully but firmly put an end to these territorial aggressions of Great Britain and to enforce the Monroe doctrine so that no other power will be disposed to infringe upon it. But immediate action is necessary. Every day makes the situation worse. In such a case as this, obsta principiis is the only safe rule. In the words of Junius 'one precedent creates another. They soon accumulate and constitute law. What yesterday was fact, to-day is doctrine.' The supremacy of the Monroe doctrine should be established and at once-peaceably if we can, forcibly if we must. It will be the duty and the privilege of the next Congress. to see that this is done." PLURAL VOTING IN BELGIUM. "MACMILLAN'S MAGAZINE" has an article on what it calls "The Danger in France and Belgium." The danger in both cases is the growth of socialism. What the writer says about France does not call for special attention, but what he has to say concerning Belgium may be of interest. The Belgian Parliament is elected under the following franchise : "One vote is given to every man of the age of twenty-five who is not otherwise disqualified; but a second vote is given, first to every married man or widower of the age of thirty-five with legitimate children, who pays at least five francs in respect of the house or building which he occupies; secondly, to every man of twenty-five who possesses realty worth two thousand francs, or an income of one hundred francs from state investments; and thirdly to every man who has certain educational certificates, or who belongs to those professions or cccupies those posts which afford a guarantee that his education has reached a certain standard. Nobody, however, can have more than three votes. The practical result is that nearly every man in Belgium has a vote, that almost as many have two votes, and a considerable number three." The immediate result of this establishment of a system of dual and triple voting was the effacement of the Liberal party and the return last October of a Clerical majority with 104 seats. The Socialists carried 33, while the Liberals only kept 15. At present it seems that the moderate Liberals will gravitate to the Clericals, while the Radicals will go over to the Socialists: "The Flemish provinces in the north are chiefly agricultural and Catholic, and it is from these the Clericals draw the greater portion of their strength; the Walloon provinces in the south have a large industrial population, who are naturally more addicted to socialist theories. To the certainty of a war of classes is added, therefore, the possibility of geographical dismemberment. There seems, indeed, every prospect that the Flemings of the north will, if the socialists strongly press their claims, separate themselves in preference to surrender. These are the first fruits of democracy in Belgium." THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL AND ITS WORK. MR. GEORGE L. FOX, of Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven, Conn., contributes to the May number of the Yale Review, a carefully-compiled article on the London County Council, and the great things it has done to awaken the sense of civic duty and municipal patriotism in the citizens of London. The following are some of the passages in which Mr. Fox calls attention to the salient features of the work of the council: "This municipal legislaturewhich Mr. Joseph Chamberlain sneeringly speaks of as the “brilliant luminary somewhere in the neighborhood of Spring Gardens "-judged by personal observation and the records of its work, is a most efficient and businesslike body, of which Londoners have reason to be proud and American citizens may well be envious. 66 ITS ALTRUISTIC PURPOSE. The council has also shown a high moral and altruistic purpose. It has labored with a conscience. It has seemed to feel that in large degree it was its brother's keeper. It has not looked upon liberty as synonymous with license, but amid much unjust abuse it has labored to repress immorality. Some of its most creditable achievements show a keen sympathy with the poor, and those whose cowed spirit or lack of means keeps them from defending their rights. "The particular features of the council which impress an American as in sharp contrast with our own forms of municipal government are these: the aldermanic rank; the fact that all elected councilors are elected for three years and go out of office at one time; the absence of any qualification requiring residence in a constituency on the part of a councilor; and the concentration of all power in a single body, which, within the limited sphere of its functions, exercises both executive and legislative powers combined. "It has done its work under unstinted abuse from many of the London Tory papers, as if it were a body of thugs preying upon the state instead of hard-working servants of the people, yet I cannot remember to have heard or seen any charge against the purity of its administration which had any solid basis." PROFES THE PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMAN. ROF. G. T. W. PATRICK, of the University of Iowa, sets forth in a dozen or so pages of the Popular Science Monthly the most important of the physical and psychological peculiarities our learned scientists so far have been able to discover in unintelligible woman. So many and so pronounced are these characteristics it would seem a hopeless undertaking ever to change them; and so lovable are these old fashioned ways and distinctive traits of mind of the woman of our homes, it's a pity that any one should wish to reform them. MENTAL CHARACTERISTICS. Professor Patrick thus summarizes the more important of the purely mental differences between the sexes: In perception, woman is in general decidedly quicker than man. She reads a paragraph or book more quickly, and, knowledge of the subject being equal, she grasps more of it. In perception of objects she grasps more quickly a number of wholes or groups, and has a rapid unreasoned perception of relations which has the appearance of intuition. Her perception of details, however, is less accurate than man's, and her rapid reference of things to their proper classes extends only to matters of common human experience. In apperception the subjective factor is larger in woman, and she sees things more from the standpoint of her own experience, wishes and prejudices. Even more than in man, where feeling is strong, objective perception is blind. Hence women make poorer critics than men, and more rarely are they impartial judges. For the formation of concepts, especially the more abstract ones, woman's mind is less adapted than man's. She thinks more in terms of the concrete and individual. Hence number forms and the associations of colors with sounds are, as is found, more common among women. ferences in habits of thought between the sexes may be well illustrated by a simple experiment in association. If fifty men and fifty women be required to write as rapidly as possible one hundred words without time for thought, in the women's lists more than in the men's will be found words relating to the concrete rather than the abstract, the whole rather than the part, the particular rather than the general, and associations in space rather than in time. As Lotze keenly remarks, women excel in arranging things in the order of space, men in the order of time. Men try to bring things under a general rule, without so much regard to the fitness or symmetry of the result. Women care less for general rules, and are inclined to look only to the immediate end in view, aiming to make each thing complete in itself and harmonious with its surroundings. A QUICK MIND. Dif "In respect to memory, as far as any general statements can be made, woman is superior. In memory tests college girls surpass boys. In Gilbert's tests on New Haven school children, however, the boys were superior in the exact reproduction of an interval of time. In reasoning of the quick associative kind women are more apt than men, but in slow logical reasoning, whether deductive or inductive. they are markedly deficient. They lack logical feeling, and are less disturbed by inconsistency. Analysis is relatively distasteful to them, and they less readily comprehend the relation of the part to the whole. They are thus less adapted to the plodding, analytical work of science, discovery, or invention. Their interest lies rather with the finished product. Of the 483,517 patents issued by the United States Patent Office prior to October, 1892, 3,458 were granted to women. In general, woman's thought is less methodical and less deep. The arts, sciences, and philosophy owe their progress more to man than to woman. Whether one studies the history of logic, mathematics, or philosophic thought, of the special sciences or scienliterature, of musical composition or technique, or tific discovery and invention, of poetry or general painting, sculpture, or architecture, one is engaged more with the names of men than of women. Even in those spheres for which woman by her peculiar physical or mental qualities is particularly adapted, such as vocal music, the stage, and the writing of novels, it is doubtful whether a list of the greatest artists would include more women than men. Even in the arts of cooking and dressmaking, when men undertake them they often excel. Woman, owing to her greater patience, her intuition, and her retentive memory, as well as her constant association with the young, is especially qualified for teaching, and has equal or greater success in this work than man. Yet all educational reforms, from the kindergarten to the university, have originated with the latter. "What woman loses in profundity she gains in quickness. She excels in tact, and extricates herself from a difficulty with astonishing adroitness. In language she is more apt than man. Girls learn to speak earlier than boys, and old women are more talkative than old men. Among the uneducated the wife can express herself more intelligently than the husband. Experience in coeducational institutions shows that women are more faithful and punctilious than men, and at least equally apt. In college where a record of standing is kept the women gain probably a somewhat higher average. In the years immediately following graduation the men make much greater intellectual progress. Women reach their mental maturity at an earlier age, and develop relatively less after maturity. In many kinds of routine work, especially that requiring patience, women are superior, but they are less able to endure protracted overwork. "We have seen that woman is less modified physically than man and varies less from the average. The same is true mentally. Women are more alike than men and more normal, as it were. The geniuses have been men for the most part, and so have the cranks. Woman's thought pursues old rather than new lines. Her tendency is toward reproduction, while man's is toward production. Woman loves the old, the tried and the customary. She is conservative, and acts as society's balance-wheel. Man represents variation. He reforms, explores, thinks out a new way. WOMAN MORE EMOTIONAL THAN MAN. "One of the most marked differences between man and woman is the greater excitability of the nerve centers in the latter. Woman possesses in a higher degree than man the fundamental property of all nervous tissue, irritability, or response to any stimulus. The vasomotor system is particularly excitable, and this fact is in immediate connection with her emotional life. That woman is more emotional than man is only another way of stating the same fact. Various expressions and bodily changes which are really the ground of emotions, such, for instance, as laughing, crying, blushing, quickening of the heartbeat, are more common in woman, and in general her face is more mobile and witnesses more to her mental states. Various forms of abnormal mental conditions, closely connected with the emotions, such as hysteria, are more frequent among women. Women are more easily influenced by suggestion than men, and a larger percentage of them may be hypnotized. Trance mediums are usually women. The word witch has been narrowed almost wholly to the female, and this may be explained by the fact that various forms of mental disturbance connected with superstitious notions are more frequently manifested in women. Sympathy, pity and charity are stronger in woman, and she is more prominent in works that spring from these sentiments, such as philanthropy and humane and charitable movements. Woman is more generous than man. Her maternal instincts lead her to lend her sympathy to the weak and helpless. She cares for the sick and protects the friendless, and, seeing present rather than remote consequences, she feeds the pauper and pardons the criminal. "From these studies," says Professor Patrick in conclusion," there would be no want of lessons for political and social reformers, if they would learn them. From woman's rich endowment with all that is essentially human, the most devoted enthusiast for woman's rights and equality might gain new inspiration. From her retarded development the educational and political reformer might learn that woman's cause may suffer irretrievable damage if she plunged too suddenly into duties demanding the same strain and nervous expenditure that is safely borne by man, and if it is attempted to correct in a century the evil of ages. From woman's childlike nature the thoughtful 'spectator of all time and all existence' might learn yet a deeper and more significant lesson. May it not be that woman, representative of the past and future of humanity, whose qualities are concentration, passivity, calmness, and reserve of force, and upon whom, more than upon man, rest the burdens and responsibilities of the generations, is too sacred to be jostled roughly in the struggle for existence, and that she deserves from man a reverent exemption from some of the duties for which his restless and active nature adapts him?" MR. THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN. R. HARRY QUILTER, in the Nineteenth Century, sets forth his views as to what girls should study. He contrasts the curriculum through which they are forced at present in high schools and boarding schools with what he would subject them to in the ideal school, where their studies should chiefly be confined to seven subjects. They would above all things be compelled to educate the body. The chief fault to be found with the present girl's schools is, he says: "The omission of physical instruction. This is where the instruction of girls has always failed at school, and it fails to-day as much, or nearly as much, as ever. I am speaking from actual knowledge and experience when I say that it is apparently impossible to persuade either parents or mistresses of the fact that girls' bodies require exercise and systematic development as much as those of boys, and that the cultivation of special organs of the body is just as much a part of the schoolmistress' duty as the cultivation of special qualities of brain or heart. Tennis and walking, walking and tennis, and a little sham gymnastics, are the sole provision for physical development in hundreds and even thousands of English girls' schools. And is there in existence a school which sets out with the statement that one department of its endeavor will be to develop the various capacities of (say only) the eye, the hand, and the ear? If there be such a one, the present writer, at all events, can find no trace thereof. After setting forth his scheme of education he gives the following brief résumé of his suggestions: "If a girl learns the seven branches set down therein, as any girl of ordinary capacity might learn them in the six years from twelve to eighteen, and has lived, too, during that time with careful moral and religious training, and the physical cultivation I have dwelt upon at the beginning of this article, she will be able not only to perform all life's duties adequately and easily, but will be able to enjoy its pleasures with zest and intelligence. She should be healthy and strong, morally, intellectually, and physically; educated in the true sense of the word, so that what is most vital and admirable in her nature will have attained its legitimate development, and what is weak, unworthy, and perverse will have been discouraged and checked, if it has not been rooted out altogether. By way of pendant to this article there is an interesting paper by Mrs. Gordon, entitled "The After Careers of University Educated Women," the moral of which is certainly not very much in favor of the higher education of women as regarded solely from the point of view of the woman of the home: "The total number of ex-students from Girton, Newnham, Somerville Hall, Holloway College, and Alexandra College whose after-careers we have mentioned above amounts to 1486; of these 680 are engaged in teaching, 208 have married, 11 are doctors |
