157. plstrip'pl'st, peo'pl'st, tram'pl'st, dim'pl'st.
158. plz-ripples, purples, sim'ples, dim'ples.
159. pr:- pray, prow, ap-prove, prim, profit.
160. :-
ps nips, sips, hopes, slopes, taps, naps, gaps.
161. pst-sipp'st, lapsed, napp'st, hopp'st, tapp'st.
162. pt:crypt, wept, nipped, sapped, napped, hopped.
163. pth: depth; - bepth, hepth, apth, sapth, sopth.
164. pths: depths;- bepths, hepths, apths, sapths.
165. pts-crypts, in-ter-cepts', ac-cepts'.

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166. ptstac-cept'st, in-ter-cept'st', wept'st, napp'dst.
167. bd:— nabbed, stabbed, robbed, sobbed, ribbed, fibbed.
168. bdst: – nabb’dst, stabb’dst, robb’dst, sobb'dst, fibb’dst.
169. bl-blame, trouble, black, bub'ble, blue, bab'ble.
170. bld: — troubled, bub′bled, trembled, hum'bled.
171. bldst: - troub'l'dst, hum'bl'dst, trem'bl'dst.
172. blst:- troubl'st, hum'bl'st, bab'bl'st, gab'bl'st.
173. blz: - bubbles, troubles, no'bles, trem'bles, bab'bles.
174. br - brink, brow, bridge, breathe, breach, break.
175. bst-prōb'st, rõb’st, rõbb'st, sobb'st, nibb'st, jobb'st.
176. bz:- jibes, sobs, robs, stabs, webs, knobs, tribes.

177. f:-flag, ruffle, flim sy, tri'fle, flood, flow, flew.
178. fd-trifled, baffled, sti' fled, rifled, shuffled.
179. fldst:-trifl'dst, ri'f'dst, shuf'f'dst, baf'fl'dst.
180. fist-tri'fl'st, ri'fl'st, shuf'f'st, baf'f'st, ruf'fl'st.
181. flz: trifles, rifles, shuffles, baffles, ruffles.
182. fr:-frown, fresh, frenzy, phre-net'ic, frill, fruit.
183. fs:puffs, laughs, soughs, fifes, scoffs, coughs.
184. fst:laugh'st, puff'st, fif'st, scoff'st, cough'st.
185. ft-lift, sift, drift, haft, draught, soft, puffed.
186. fth-fifth; - dafth, difth, dofth, sefth, sifth.
187. fths-fifths; - dafths, difths, dofths, sefths.
188. fts-drifts, draughts, lifts, gifts, tufts, rafts.
189. ftst-lift'st, drift'st, sift'st, puff'dst, scoff 'dst.
190. vd-loved, lived, proved, waved, served, craved.
191. vdst: - liv'dst, serv'dst crav'dst, wav'dst, brav'dst.
192. vl: - driv'el, e'vil, wee'vil, shriv'el, shovel, rav'el.
193. vld: - driv'elled, shrivelled, shov'elled, rav'elled.

194. vldst driv'el'dst, shriv'el'dst, shov'el'dst. 195. vlst-driv'el'st, shriv ́el'st, shov'el'st, rav'el'st. 196. vlz:evils, shovels, driv'els, rav'els, wee'vils. 197. vn: – driv ́en, heav'en, e-lev′en, shaʼven, haʼven. 198. vnth: - sev'enth, e-lev'enth; e-lev'enth, sev'enth. 199. vnz: - heav'ens, sev'ens, ov'ens, ra'vens, cra'vens. 200. vst: liv'st, giv'st, serv'st, hav'st, prov'st, crav'st. 201. vz:—hives, groves; paves, waves, heaves, caves.

202. thn:

strengthen, leng'then.

203. thnd-strengthened, lengthened.
204. thndst:- leng'then'dst, strengthen'dst.
205. thnz-streng'thens, lengthens.

206. thr-throb, thrill, thrall, throw, thrash, three.
207. ths: - truths, youths, betroths, fifths, fourths.
208. tht-be-trothed, frothed; frothed, be-trothed.

209. thd-wreathed, smoothed, bathed, be-queathed. 210. thst wreath'st, smooth'st, bath'st, sooth'st.

211. thz-wreaths, be-queaths, smooths, bathes, soothes.

212. tl:- bat'tle, ti'tle, gen'tle, myr'tle, rat'tle, kir'tle. 213. tld-bat'tled, ti'tled, rat'tled, scut'tled, net'tled. 214. tldst: star'tl'dst, net'tl'dst, rat'tl'dst, bat'tl'ast. 215. tlst: star'tl'st, en-ti'tl'st, rat-tl'st, scut'tl'st. 216. tlz: rat'tles, bat'tles, myr'tles, kir'tles, set'tles. 217. tr: -trim, trap, trem ́ble, trea ́son, tragʻic. 218. ts-hurts, as-serts, snorts, shirts, dates, states. 219. tst:-hurt'st, as-sert'st, snort'st, dat'st, stať'st. 220. dl-kin'dle, swin'dle, can'dle, han'dle, hur'dle. 221. dldst:-kin'dl'dst, swin'dl'dst, han'dl'dst, cur'dl'dst. 222. dlst:-kin'dl'st, swin'dl'st, han'dl'st, cur'dl'st. 223. dlzhur'dles, la'dles, han'dles, can'dles, cur'dles. 224. dn: ol'den, hol'den, bur'den, bid'den, red'den. 225. dnd:- har'dened, reddened, maddened, saddened. 226. dndst: har'den'dst, red'den'dst, mad'den'dst. 227. dnst: - har'den'st, red'den'st, mad'den'st, sad'den'st. 228. dnz-bur'dens, har'dens, reddens, mad'dens. 229. dr-drill, dry, drove, dray, drench, drew, drop.

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230. dst: - mend’st, bidd’st, didst, midst, bad'st, hadst. 231. dth:- - breadth, width, hun'dredth, thou'sandth. 232. dths: - breadths, widths, hun'dredths. 233. dz:— heads, deeds, a-bodes, im-pedes, suc-ceeds.

234. kl claim, truc'kle, click, climb, clam. 235. kld: — truckled, buckled, sparkled, twin'kled. 236. kldst:-truckl'dst, buckl'dst, spar'kl'dst. 237. klst-wrin'kl'st, tin'kl'st, truc'kl'st, buc'kl'st. 238. klz:- twin'kles, tin'kles, cir'cles, sparkles. 239. kn: shaʼken, taʼken, broken, li'ken, beck'on. 240. knd: - li'kened, beckoned, wa'kened, reckoned. 241. kndst: - dar'ken'dst, beck'on'dst, wa'ken'dst. 242. knst: - sick'en'st, dar'ken'st, beck'on'st, wa'ken'st. 243. knz: - black'ens, beck'ons, bea'cons, sickens. 244. kr: —cruel, crime, krem ́lin, cru'et, cry, crude. 245. ks: - snakes, aches, kicks, six, arks, em-barks. 246. kt:—act, fact, racked, at-tacked, decked, flecked. 247. kts: prospects, in-fracts', subjects, en-acts', facts.

248. gd:-rigged, lagged, lugged, fagged, bagged, digged. 249. gdst:-rigg'dst, lagg'dst, fagg'dst, digg'dst. 250. gl-glad, glow, ea'gle, bea'gle, glimmer, sin'gle. 251. gld-angled, sin'gled, man'gled, min'gled, fan'gled. 252. gldst:-shin'gl'dst, man'gl'dst, min'gl'dst, an'gl'dst. 253. glst:-sin'gl'st, an'gl'st, man'gl'st, min'gl'st. 254. glz:-man'gles, shin'gles bungles, singles. 255. gr:—grim, gray, grove, grieve, gran'ite, grant. 256. gst-wagg'st, digg'st, begg'st, rigg'st, lagg'st. 257. gz:figs, wigs, bags, rogues, legs, kegs, fogs, logs.

258. sf:-sphere, spheric, spher'i-cal, sphinc'ter, sphinx. 259. sk:-skate, ask, skill, frisk, scheme, sketch, skim. 260. skr:- screw, scrawl, screen, scrib'ble, scrōll, scrub. 261. sks: asks, basks, whisks, frisks, tusks, husks. 262. skst:task'st, ask'st, bask'st, frisk'st, whisk'st. 263. skt: - risked, frisked, tasked, asked, basked. 264. sl: - sled, hustle, slow bus'tle, slunk, whis'tle, slat. 265. sld-hus'tled, whis'tled, bus'tled, nestled.

266. sldst:-hus'tl'dst, whis'tl'dst, bus'tl'dst, nestl'dst. 267. slst: hus' tl'st, whistl'st, nes'tl'st, bus'tl'st. 268. slz:- this tles, hus'tles, bus'tles, nes'tles, whistles. 269. sm-small, smug, smooth, smoke, smart. 270. sn:- - sniffle, snow, les'sen, snap, has'ten, per'son. 271. snz: ·lis'tens, has'tens, les'sens, per ́sons, baʼsins. 272. sp-clasp, spin, span, wisp, crisp, spark, spoil. 273. spl:- splash, splin ́ter, split, splut'ter, splay. 274. spr-spree, sprig, sprin’kle, sprout, spruce. 275. sps clasps, crisps, wasps, lisps, grasps, hasps. 276. spt:-grasped, clasped, crisped, lisped. 277. sthist, dust, traced, trust, spliced, braced. 278. str: strive, strand, strap, strat'a-gem, string. 279. sts-hastes, wastes, thrusts, lusts, costs, frosts. 280. ststhast'st, wast'st, thrust'st, trust'st, lust'st. 281. zd-a-mazed, grazed, mused, a-bused, dozed. 282. zl:- dazzle, guzzle, mizzle, nozzle, muzzle. 283. zld: dazzled, guzzled, mizzled, puzzled. 284. zldst: 285. zlst 286. zlz:

288. zmz:

daz'zl'dst, guz'zl'dst, friz'zl'dst, puzzl'dst. daz'zl'st, guzzl'st, friz'zl'st, puzzl'st.

dazzles, nozzles, muzzles, puzzles, frizzles. 287. zm: chasm, prism, spasm, schism (sizm). chasms, prisms, spasms, schisms (sizms). 289. zn:- pris'on, rea'son, trea'son, fro'zen, crim'son. pris'oned, rea'soned, crim'soned, blazoned. 291. zndst:- - pris'on'dst, rea'son'dst, crim'son'dst. 292. znst: pris'on'st, rea'son'st, crim'son'st, blaʼzon'st.

290. znd:

293. shr-shrank, shred, shrewd, shriek, shrill, shrink. 294. shthushed, flashed, crushed, dashed, flushed.

(Z, vocal, as in azure, sometimes expressed by zh, is the cognate sound of sh; but it does not occur in consonant combinations in English.)

295. cht:

296. chtst:

-fetched, be-witched, hatched, smutched.
fetch'dst, be-witch'dst, smutch'dst.

297. jd-judged, e-merged, caged, fledged, forged. 298. jdst:-judg'dst, e-merg'dst, forg'dst, budg'dst.

MARKS, STOPS, ETC.

Elementary instruction must be chiefly o'ral. We here merely give a summary of marks, rules, &c., which the teacher can explain at discretion, according to the pupil's capacity. For fuller explanations, the higher Readers of this series may be consulted.

The hyphen (-) is used to separate syllables; also to connect compound words; as, ap-pe-tite, spelling-book.

The acute accent (') may sometimes serve the double purpose of separating syllables and of pointing to the syllable on which the stress of the voice is laid; as in tem'pest, in'ter-est.

Spelling, or the anatomization of the language into its constituent syllables and letters, is usually practised under the following rules: 1. Never divide words of one syllable, strength, alms, farm. 2. Never separate letters of the same syllable, — un-speak-a-ble. 3. Divide generally according to pronunciation,—de-light, holly, ex-ist, un'der, de-throne, ab-stain, parchment, pref'er-a-ble, lam-en-ta'tion. 4. Divide compounds into their component parts,-lamp-post, penknife. 5. Keep the root whole in derivatives, touch'ing, preach'er. 6. Divide words in tion, cious, cian, sion, thus: mo'tion, vi'cious, mu-si'cian, ex-ten'sion. 7. The termination ed, when the e is not sounded, placed with the preceding syllable. See remarks on spelling, in the Preface.

The grammatical stops are the full stop (.), or that which marks the end of a sentence, and the stops subordinate to it, namely, the colon (), the semicolon (;), and the comma (,). The rhetorical points are the interrogation point (?), and the exclamation point (!).

The dash (—) is used where the sentence breaks off abruptly, or where a significant pause is required. The marks of parenthesis ( ) are used to include words or marks which could be left out without injuring the sense of the sentence.

The hyphen over a letter denotes that the quantity is long, as in fāte; this mark (~) denotes that the quantity is short, as in fut. The di-are-sis (") is placed over a vowel to show that it ought to commence or form part of a new syllable; as in Creätor, agëd.

The a-pos'tro-phe (') denotes the possessive case; as, John's hat. It is also used to mark the omission of one or more letters, as 'gan for began, e'er for ever. The asterisk (*), the dagger (†) and the double dagger (‡), are marks of reference to notes.

The abbreviation etc., or the sign &c., is used in place of the Latin words et catera, meaning and others, and so forth.