gory in J. Ludolfi Comm. in Hist. Æthiop. p. 37, the Caspian sea, as, ye úñò tùy Kaúnaσov aiμvn, hv 2 Hom. xlii. 3 Josh. 'xii. 27; Numb. Xxxiv. 11. Ver. 45. ат Ver. 2. -аúтоŨ τà σnμεia-"His miracles," A. V.; "the miracles," R. V. R. V. leaves out auro introduced by Stephen. —¿λπíxаτ—“ye trust," A. V.; "ye hope," R. V. Theophylact has aurou, but Nonnus omits it,1 -better; i.e. 'ye have hoped hitherto.' ἐπιστεύετε Ver. 46. —συνεσσεύοντο δὲ λαοὶ θαύματα παπταίνοντες, ἅπερ κάμεν ἠθάδι μύθῳ. Ei yàg ÉTIσTEÚETE—“ For had ye believed," A. V.; is introduced by Stephen on the authority of many "For if ye believed," R. V.-much better. -ÉTIOTEÚETE av éμoí-"ye would have believed MSS., while they introduce it in their translation CHAP. VI. —ἀπῆλθεν ὁ ̓Ιησοῦς πέραν— Jesus went over,” A. V. is best; for one cannot go over' without 3 —Αντιγόνη, συ δ' ἐνθάδε φύλασσε πατέρα τόνδε, τοῖς τεκοῦσι γὰρ οὐδ ̓ εἰ πονεῖ τις, δεῖ πόνου μνήμην ἔχειν. This father' in English would be an insult, not so in Greek; and the parents' would not be grammatical. It is simply ὁ πατὴρ, κατ' ἐξοχήν, that is 'my' or 'our father,' according to English ideas. Hence the use of the def. art. in the vocative, οὗτος, ὁ πατήρ, ὁ δεῖνα, &c. ; for when the possessive pron. is required, it is expressed as e.g. by Antigone,33 Antig. — κοιμήματ' αὐτογέννητο ἐμῷ πατρὶ δυσμόρου ματρός So also, ó ós, 'GOD;' fós, 'a god; ó Оzós, 'O GOD!' said adjectively of a 'son,' answers to the Slav. Tzesarevitch, &c. There seems, therefore, to be no just reason for -Tys Daλáoons-" the sea of Galilee," A. V., R. V. This is a Shemitism. the sea of Chin- saying that 'his,' 'her,' 'my,' &c., are often implied nereth,' according to the Eastern custom of calling these poss. pronouns are used in English in similar or expressed in the def. art. in Greek, merely because 'sea' not only the sea itself, but also a lake, and a cases.4 This is proved by comparing autoũ Tà river. Thus in Arabic applies to the Mediter-usia or τà σqueïa à èñol in this place, with aro σημεῖα ἐποίει ranean, to the Sea of Galilee, and to the Dead Sea, Tà σqueta à éroles in ch. ii. 23; and also by comparand to the Nile, which is sometimes called 'the sweet sea. 94 Greek writers, however, call the sea of Galilee iun, as does S. Luke throughout. De Bello Josephus mentions Xiun Tevvnoάg; and S. Chry6 Hom. ii. sostom, speaking of S. John, says, où yàp and is not auroũ, which, like rou, ch. vii. 3, is a Shemi * Khalil .Dhaheri, in Jud. iii. 18. 7 in Me ing this with Tap Tv nusiv in ch. ii. 11, τὴς θαλάσσης ἐθήρευεν, ἀλλ ̓ ἐν μικρᾷ τινι tisms—but & οι ὧν ἐποίει. All the Old Versions, T 26. λiμvy diétρiß. Aristotle seems to allude to except the Slav., read with S. Chrysostom, őr kúpov teor. i. 13, this Eastern custom,7 when speaking probably of rà onusia à èñoles. 864. 4 See note on ch. v. 5. 5 See note on ch. ii. 23. 1 Mid-Lent S. i. p. 182. IV. 46. —ἐπὶ τῶν ἀσθενούντων—" on them that were dis- reads καὶ ἀναβλέψας τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὁρᾷ ὄχλον πολύν. eased," A. V.; "on them that were sick," R. V. Nonnus,1 'Sick' is a better rendering of obevns than 'diseased.' The A. Saxon reads, on pam pe pæɲon —δι ̓ εὐδένδροιο δὲ λόχμης ὀφθαλμὸν ἀνάειρε, καὶ ἄσπετον ἄλλον ἐπ ̓ ἄλλῳ ze-untpumode, 'on those that were infirmed,' after) ἔδρακεν ἀγχικέλευθον ἐπήλυδα λαὸν ὁδίτην. the Latin, Super his qui infirmabantur,' which And Theophylact2 gives, in the text, nápas ou ó Homil. Elfric1 renders open da untɲuman men. But the ̓Ιησοῦς τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς, on which he remarks τίνος Gothic has BI SIKAIM ‘by or about (the) ἕνεκεν εἶπε, τὸ ἀναβλέψας τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς; ἵνα μάθωμεν, ὅτι οὐκ ἐρέμβετο τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῆδε κἀκεῖσε, κ.τ.λ.—τέλος ἀνέβλεψε τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς, κ.τ.λ. —ὅτι πολὺς ὄχλος ἔρχεται “a great company sick.' Ver. 3. -eis Tò pos-"into a mountain," A. V.; "into come," A. V.; "that a great multitude cometh," R. V. is right; Tò ogos here is the mountain range,' on the eastern side of the sea, distinguished from Telov, the plain or border between the hills and the sea. The A. Saxon renders 'in montem,' by in anne munt, into a mountain,' incorrectly. In Greek as in English that,' could in no wise be left out; for on it hinges the whole verse. —πόθεν ἀγοράσομεν;— Whence shall we buy,” A. V.; "Whence are we to buy," R. V. 1 1. 10. 2 Comm. p. 638, D. 4 Thucyd. viii. 51. $ Euripid. 2 See ch. lifting up,' &c. This is another instance2 of an -TÍ EμEλλE TOLETY" what He would do," A. V.; aorist being rendered idiomatically by the present;"what He was about to do," R. V.-also a much for 'having lifted up' would be too formal and un- better rendering of uλ in this place. usual. Yet even this would be preferable to A. V. Thus, καὶ ὡς μέλλουσα, Σάμος θάσσον ἐτειχίσθη When Jesus then lifted up his eyes,” which, by - παραχρημα μέλλων 5—ὁπόσ ̓ ἂν μέλλω πράσσειν 6rendering the Greek participle through the indicative on the other hand, ἡσυχάζετε μὲν γὰρ μόνοι ̔Ελλήνων, lays greater stress than need be on this incidental ὦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οὐ τῇ δυνάμει τινὰ ἀλλὰ τῇ μελλήσει 1.69. proposition. àμuvóμevor 7- always about to do, and never doing." p. 276, A. -xaì leaσáμevos-" and saw," A. V.; "and seeing," R. V. Ver. 9. R. V. is right in using the participle, although ̓́Εστι παιδάριον ἓν ὧδε—“ There is a lad here,” its rendering does not convey the full force of the A. V.; "There is a little lad here," R. V.—right. original. In ch. iv. 35, R. V. renders árabe by —πέντε ἄρτους κριθίνους—" five barley-loaves” or "ye behold," which is more expressive. Seeing" "cakes." See the translations. It is impossible Epist. • Sophoc. ŒEd. C. 7 Thucy See the note on ἤμελλεν, ver. 71. is ἰδών, ὁρῶν, οι βλέπων; θεασάμενος is seeing, or not to notice the wonderful accuracy of the Evanrather 'looking at,' with interest; 'considering,' as gelist.-The Passover was nigh-and the time of our SAVIOUR looked on those sheep that had no year was too early for even barley-bread in most 3 Comm. shepherd. S. Cyril3 understood aμevos to ex- parts of Palestine. But owing to the low level of press more than merely 'seeing,' when he says, axx' the Sea of Galilee, all fruits and crops growing on οὐ μέχρι μόνης τῆς ἐπισκέψεως ἡ ἐπὶ τοῖς its banks, are earlier than elsewhere, on account of τιμῶσιν αὐτὸν ὁρίζεται χάρις—ἀλλ ̓ εἰς τροφὰς ἤδη καὶ the greater heat. So that, although late in March HarGEN πavudaiolas eútgeπióμavov. S. Chrysostom, however, or very early in April,9 there was here already bread P. 145, April Jud. iii. x. 8, ed. Huds. 3. 1 ibid. 8. 2 κορακι κινεῖν. or rather, cakes, to be had made of that year's ing also of the fountain Capharnaum,1 he mentions barley; for wheat was not yet full grown. Speaking a fish found in it like the xogaxivos of Alexandria in De Bello of the land of Gennesaret, Josephus says, Παρα. Egypt.2 At the present day fish still forms the vos, ἀπὸ τοῦ τείνει δὲ τὴν Γεννησὰρ ὁμώνυμος χῶρα, θαυμαστὴ φύσιν principal article of food of the few inhabitants that τὰς κόρας τε καὶ κάλλος· οὔτε γὰρ αὐτή τι φυτὸν ἀρνεῖται διά live on the shores of the lake. And not far from Athen. vii. τὴν πιότητα, καὶ πᾶν πεφυτεύκασιν οἱ νεμόμενοι.—καὶ the spot on which this miracle probably took place, ed. Cas. γὰρ οὐ μόνον τρέφει παρὰ δόξαν τὰς διαφόρους οπώρας, my dinner on the 17th of April, consisted of coarse ἀλλὰ καὶ διαφυλάσσει, barley-bread, a small fish broiled, and olives. Com 21. 25. —καὶ δύο ὀψάρια —" and two small fishes,” A. V., pare ch. xxi. 9. βλέπουσιν ἀνθρακιὰν κειμένην, καὶ R. V. Nonnus,2 Properly, two small fishes broiled. Ὄψον, if from ἕψω (?) properly means what is cooked 3 Ch. xxi. or boiled ; and προσφάγιον, what is eaten with bread, 1036. + Nub. e.g., Aristophanes,4 κοττάβων, ὄψων, πότων, &c., 5 Pax.123. κόνδυλον ὄψον·5 It also means what is 'broiled,' as from ὄπταω; especially fish which, from being a favourite food in Greece, came at last to be called c. 2, ed. Cas. 6 Τ The force of d in this place is felt; but it is very difficult to render it accurately. Then Jesus said,' might, perhaps, express the original. We should notice ἀνθρώπους and οἱ ἄνδρες in this 5 ε ὄψον only, or ὄψον θαλάττιον. Athenæus, a good verse; and again οἱ ἄνθρωποι in ver. 14. The Syr., 7 Sympos. Lib. iv. quaest. iv. 2, 3. "On its waters shines the moon encircled by dark-looking Its body, soft, and without bones, teems with daughters We tear it asunder for them; yet it neither complains nor The fish of this lake are also, perhaps, alluded to by Το De Bello διάφορα πρὸς τοὺς ἀλλαχοῦ γεῦσίν τε καὶ ἰδέαν. Speak J. iii. x. 7. Ver. 11. —τοῖς μαθηταῖς, οἱ δὲ μαθηταί —is left out by R. V. Χριστὸς, ἀεὶ ζώοντι χάριν γενετῆρι τιταίνων, ! — ὁμοίως—“ likewise,” A. V.; “ in like manner,” 'Likewise' is more Saxon than in like manner,' p. 287, B. 3 Homil. for Mid Lent S. p. 188. 4 χίν. 21. 5 1. 37. 7. 'Now' is too expressive a particle for this place, in so doing. Yet therefore' in the sense in which -τÀ TEρIOσEÚσaνta xλáoμатa-" the fragments that remain," and ver. 13, "over and above," A. V. ; "the fragments that remain over," R. V.―better. 'And above' is implied in 'over,' and is, at least at present, somewhat familiar. Ver. 13. Suvnyayou our "Therefore they gathered," A. V.; So' implies nearly as much as and reads better Ver. 14. Οἱ οὖν ἄνθρωποι ἰδόντες— Then those men, when they had seen," A. V.; "The men therefore, when they saw," R. V.-Both A. V. and R. V. may be right. For iv, although a 2nd aor. is nevertheless used as a pres. tense; like other verbs expressive of the senses, or of operations of the mind, as yous, —ὁ προφήτης ὁ ἐρχόμενος— that prophet that should come," A. V.; "the prophet that cometh," R. V. 1 See Pref. to R. V. p. x. * See note 'That is coming' would seem to express better the Greek ;2 for here it means not a prophet who was οτι ερχόμε actually coming; but one who had been long ex- vos,ch.i.§. pected, and was thought to be about to come. -siç Tò πλoïov-" into a ship," A. V.; "into the For it was, doubtless, the ship in which they had -йXOVTO" and went," A. V.; "and were 1 See ch.i. vonσas, olda, &c., e.g. ïde, ïdou, idoú, or idou, idei, &c.1 2 S. Matt. in idóvtes oi pantai,2 which must be rendered hav- Greek). xxi. 20. ing seen,' since it refers to what had happened καὶ σκοτία ἤδη ἐγεγόνει "and it was now the sense of idú must depend on whether the men More literal as regards oxoría, although and it 3 See v. 3. τὸ ὄρος. ou in this place, and so render the Greek participle A. V.; "the sea was rising," R. V.—more literal, 1 S. Matt. χίν. 13. 2 Ver. 19. ἀνεχώρησεν ἐκεῖθεν ἐν πλοίῳ,καὶ ἀπῆλθεν πέραν τῆς —θεωροῦσι τὸν ̓Ιησοῦν— they see Jesus,” A. V.; θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας,2εἰς τόπον ἔρημον πόλεως S. John "they behold Jesus," R. V. καλουμένης Βηθσαϊδά 3 'Behold' in this verse appears strange because one is used to see.' Either term, however, may do; though 'behold' may, perhaps, be preferable. Ver. 21. Ηθελον οὖν λαβεῖν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ πλοῖον -" Then they willingly received Him into the ship," A. V.; "Then they were willing to receive Him into the ship," R. V. This is a very difficult sentence to render into English, owing to the pliability of Xev and to the stiffness of 'to will.' The sense is, that when they ascertained that it was the LORD, they wished they might take or receive Him into the ship and have. Him with them, and no doubt made efforts to do so. This seems borne out by the context in S. Mark. A. V., however, implies that He was in the act of getting into the ship; and R. V., that they had no objection to His doing so'-neither of which ideas exists in the original. But here Aaße should, 1 See ch. perhaps, be rendered, 'to take;" then they wished to take Him into the ship.' Nonnus, l.c., iii. 27. καί μιν ἑλεῖν μενέαινον ἐς ὁλκάδα, καὶ μένος ἄλμης vi. 1. 3 S. Luke ix. 10. This 'kaλovμévns' evidently points to a town either comparatively little known, or called by some other name at the time this narrative was written. It seems as if when S. John wrote his Gospel the name 'Julias' was so generally in use, that he wished to perpetuate the name by which that town went among his countrymen when he and his fellow disciples followed their MASTER thither; and not the new foreign title given to it by a heathen prince. Kaλovμévns could not be said of the town of Andrew and Peter, which was in the most populous part of Galilee, and is therefore always either 4 S. John Βηθσαϊδά οι Βηθσαϊδὰ τῆς Γαλιλαίας4 in order to distinguish xii. 21. it from this other Bethsaida of Gaulonitis, on the other side 5 Joseph. Jordan, and near the northern shore of the lake, тîs 'Aуpinna Bell. J. iii. βασιλείας οἱ ὅροι. 8, 1. 6 S. Luke 7 Antiq. Jud. xviii. 2, 1. 8 De Bell. V. 15. Philip, tetrarch of Trachonitis, called this Bethsaida, iii. Julias ;— κώμην δὲ Βηθσαϊδὰν, πρὸς λίμνῃ δὲ τῇ Γεννησαρίτιδι —Ἰουλίᾳ θυγατρὶ τῇ Καίσαρος ὁμώνυμον ἐκάλεσεν. It was not far from the mouth of the Jordan, which μerà mó Ἰουλιάδα διεκτέμνει τὴν Γεννεσὰρ μέσην—and it formed the southern boundary of Trachonitis, ἀρχομένη ἀπὸ Λιβάνου ὄρους καὶ τῶν Ἰορδάνου πηγῶν ἡ χῶρα, μέχρι τῆς Τιβεριάδος λίμνης εὐρύνεται· ἀπὸ δὲ κώμης καλουμένης ̓Αρφᾶς, μέχρις Ἰουλιάδος ἐκτείνεται τὸ μῆκος. And Pliny," "Jordanis J. iii. 3, 5. amnis-ubi prima convallium fuit occasio, in lacum se fundit, 9 Nat. H. quem plures Genesaram vocant, XVI. M. passuum longitudinis, VI. M. latitudinis, amoenis circumseptum oppidis: ab oriente, Juliade, et Hippo: a meridie Tarichæa, quo nomine aliqui et lacum appellant: ab occidente Tiberiade, aquis calidis salubri." The situation of Bethsaida Julias is thus so far determined, as belonging to the tetrarchy of Philip, although Ptolemylo says, πόλεις εἰσὶν Γαλιλαίας-Σαπφουρίς, Καπαρναούμ, Ἰουλιὰς, Τιβεριὰς (λίμνη.) But he is not always T. exact in such details; inasmuch as Bethsaida Julias was a frontier town of Trachonitis, on or near the left bank of the Jordan. Moreover, the frontiers of such provinces often shifted: for Josephusll says, κἀπὶ ταύταις ἥτε Γαμαλιτικὴ καὶ Γαυλανίτις, Βατανεία τε καὶ Τραχωνίτις, αἱ καὶ τῆς Αγρίππα βασιλείας εἰσὶ μοῖραι, after having said before that they were of poi of Agrippa's dominions. Most of the Old Versions (q.v.) render the Greek by 'and they wished, or longed, that they might take, receive, or bring Him into the ship.' And S. Chrysostom who thinks this miracle is different from the one related by S. Matthew, says with S. Cyril, • Comm. οὐ συνεισέρχεται δὲ τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ μαθηταῖς,2 that the LoRD did not get into the ship; ὁ ̓Ιησοῦς ἅμα τε ὤφθη, καὶ ἀπέστη ἀπ' αὐτῶν. Ἐμοὶ δὲ καὶ τοῦτο δοκεῖ τὸ σημεῖον ἕτερον εἶναι τοῦ παρὰ τῷ Ματθαίῳ κειμένου. Καὶ ὅτι ἕτερον, πολλαχόθεν δῆλον.—Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐκ ἀνέβη εἰς τὸ πλοῖον; τὸ θαῦμα μεῖζον ἐργά- to the neighbourhood of Capernaum, it must have p. 293, E. This τόπος ἔρημος being εἰς τὸ πέραν, with regard 3 Comm. castal Bouλóuevos, x.T.λ. Theophylact3 also follows been on the north-eastern shore. p. 642, D. S. Chrysostom, οὐκ ἀνέβη δὲ εἰς τὸ πλοῖον, τὸ θαῦμα μεῖζον ἐργάσαι βουλόμενος. If, however, we look at this narrative as given by the four Evangelists, not only will it appear one and the same, although some details are mentioned by one Evangelist which are omitted by another, but, from it, we may be enabled to fix the probable sites of one or two places on the shore of the lake. Our LORD having arrived at the country of the well, Harm. Gadarenes, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἀντιπέραν τῆς Γαλιλαίας, after sq. 144, sq. that ußàs eis To Tλoïov úжéσтgeev,6 returned, i.e. passed over, διεπέρασε, καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν, unto Capernaum.7 • Gres (a) then it would not have been els rò répav, on the other side of the sea,' but along the shore. (8) On the western shore there is no desert place, much less one large enough to accommodate five thousand men with women and children, south of Magdala; and north of Magdala spreads the land of Gennesaret celebrated for its richness, beauty, and thick population; not to mention the Jewish etymology of the name Gennesaret, Gannesarim, gardens of princes.' (7) This pnuos Tóños could not be further down the eastern shore, that is, somewhere exactly opposite the land of Gennesaret, because, not only is there at the foot of the steep hills that rise from the lake no plain wide enough for so great a multitude, but if it had been anywhere else than els To Tépar at the N.E. end of the lake, it could not be that the inhabitants πεζῇ ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων συνέδραμον ἐκεῖ, καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς12 for in that case Jesus must have 10 Lib. V. c. 16, 4, ed. 11 De Bell. Jud. iii. 3, 5. 12 S. Mark vi. 33. |