or miniver; within the boundaries of BODMIN is the parish of ST MINVer.

It was believed by the ancients, and is still an ingrained idea among native races, that kings and rulers are "Sons of the Sun," the living images and viceregents or "shadows of the Holy Sun.1 This divinity of kings is reflected not only in generic terms like monarch, Sanscrit chunig, German konig, "great unique one," but particularly in dynastic

names.

According to priestly traditions the original king of Egypt was a certain MEN, MENA, or MENES-and Menes, the "sole Light," was a generic term for the white or golden Sun Bull of OSIRIS. MENUR, the "sole Fire," was a name of the Sacred Bull of MNEVIS. JUNO was termed MENA, and in Old Latin manis meant good and propitious; manes is the Latin for ancestors. MENES of Egypt may be equated with the name MINOS, a kingly name in CRETE, and CRETE was the seat of the Minotaur, a fabulously monstrous Bull.

1 "The early monarchs of Babylon were worshipped as gods in their lifetime. . . . The kings of Tyre traced their descent from Baal, and apparently professed to be gods in their own person."-Frazer, Adonis, Attis, Osiris, pp. 10, II.

In New Zealand a Tampo chief said to a missionary: "Think not that I am a man, that my origin is of the earth. I come from the heavens ; my ancestors are all there; they are gods and I shall return to them."Thompson, The Story of New Zealand, i. p. 95.

In ancient Egypt it was the "belief that the ruling king or sovereign of Egypt was the living image and viceregent of the sun-god (Ra). He was invested with the attributes of divinity, and that in the earliest times, of which we possess monumental evidence."-Renouf, Religion of Ancient Egypt, p. 161.

2 Compare Rajah, Rey, Rex, Anax, Archon, etc. Shah is a contracted form of padishah-pad, as in padre, meaning, no doubt, Father, and isha, the Light. Kshi (akishi) is Sanscrit for "to rule." Shiek was probably ISHI EK, the Great Light; Kaiser, phonetically Kysur, may be restored to ak yz ur, the Great Light of Light; and Akbar is simply ak bar, the Great Fire. The word emperor or empereur is, as the French pronounce it, om per ur, “Sun, Father, Fire."

In Ireland are the Ox Mountains, and TAURICA was a surname of DIANA. Mount TAURUS, also known as AMANUS, ANTITAURUS,1 and AMARANTHA, is the largest mountain in ASIA.

MENA, the original King of Egypt, must be related to MANU, the Noah and first ancestor of the Hindoos. The original of the German race is said to have been MANNUS, and manus, manush, or monish, are the Gypsy words for man. The Sanscrit for man is manasha.

MoN, the root of monocle, monopoly, etc., is the base of the Egyptian royal name MENEPTAH, "sole Eye resplendent," and it is also the foundation of monde and mundus, the round world, the universe.

MIN, who was particularly worshipped at the city of MENDES, was also reverenced in Egypt under the name of MENTU. The principal shrine of MENTU, who was figured with the head of a Hawk, was at the city of ERMENT, which is akin, not only to the Saxon IRMIN, but also to HERMON, an alternative name for Mount Zion. It is evident that MIN, like PAN, became a generic term for mountain. The Japanese for mountain-peak is mine, and in English min once meant the "brow of a hill." The great mountain called MONCH was doubtless named after MoN, the Ever-Existent, and the same root is responsible for the generic terms mons, mont, mount, mound, and all their numerous correlatives. Mons is the Latin for above, and the verb mount means to

rise upward. With the words mountain and montagne

1 Compare name ANTIPATER.

2 AMARANTHA means immortal and unfading.

3 Compare Italian place-name MONOPOLI.

• Compare surname MINTO.

Edmunds, Names of Places, p. 237.

• Compare MANCHURIA and MANCHESTER. The latter town, known also as MANIGCEASTER and MANCUNIUM, was founded by the BRIGANTES, a tribe from YORKSHIRE.

VOL. I.

22

may be compared the names MONTAIGNE, MONTAGUE, MONICA, MONACO, MONIGUE, and MUNGO.

The word mungo is Celtic for lovable, and the Irish Province MONAGHAN is nominally related to the Asiatic MONGOLIA, the country of the MONGULS. A dynastic title of the Mexican emperors was MONTEZUMA, meaning the Mount of the Blazing Sun, and the Exuma of this name may be equated with IZUME, a Japanese Goddess, and with the Assyrian Isuм, "seemingly a name of the fire God."1

The site of PAN's ruined city of MENDES is now marked only by the mounds of ASHMOUN, a name in which is retained

754

moun, the root of mound and mount. In the emblem herewith a fourfold cross is poised upon a threefold Holy Mount.

There is a Christian tradition that when the angelic hosts heralded the birth of JESUS CHRIST, a hollow groan reverberated through the Isles of Greece, intimating that great PAN was dead, and that the erstwhile divinities of OLYMPUS were dethroned and outcast. This story originated from the incident recorded by PLUTARCH, that while cruising near the island of PAXOS-note the name-an Egyptian pilot named THAMUS heard coming from the shore repeated cries of THAMUS! the voice subsequently announcing that "Great Pan was dead." As Dr Frazer has surmised, the true inference from this story appears to be the equation of

1 Pinches, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 93.

PAN with TAMMUZ, the Syrian Shepherd-God whose demise was annually and noisily bewailed.

The root of the name THAMUS, TAMMUZ, or THOMAS, is Tham, Tam, or Thom, and just as pan and mon were generic terms for hill or mountain, so also was thom. In Welsh and Gaelic tom is a hillock-whence the Old English word tump, a hillock. Tom is the root of tumulus, a mound, and one of the famous sights near Carnac in Brittany is "the Butte de THUMIAC or Grand Mont, a Celtic mound 70 feet high and 800 feet round."1

THUM OF TOм should originally have meant the “resplendent Sun," and in Egypt it did so, Tum being the title of the Sun-god at the great city of ANU, ON, or HELIOPOLIS. Tambo was Peruvian for the dawn. RENOUF equates MENTU with Tмu as being merely two different aspects of the same great Sun.3 "I am Tмu," runs an inscription, "who have made Heaven and have created all the things which are, and I exist alone."4

The Egyptian TM, THOM, Or TUM, is the root of tempus or time, and the one lone, solitary lock of hair represented on the bald head of FATHER TIME is what was known in Egypt as the lock of HORUS.

At the festivals of BACCHUS, as at all other solar or Bacchanalian orgies, it was customary for the worshippers to raise a most joyful din upon cymbals and tambourines. The word tambourine or timbrel is an extended form of tambour, a drum, and tambour has developed from the native tom-tom or tan-tan. All these words point to the conclusion

1 Cook's Handbook to Normandy and Brittany, p. 277.

2 Spence, Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru, p. 51.

3 Hibbert Lectures, p. 88.

4 Ibid., p. 198.

❝ Compare name TAMBURLAINE or TAMERLANE; also the English THOM, TOMS, TOMLEY, THOMPSON, and TOMPKINS.

gentle.

In Celtic tam meant

that the circular drum was so named after dur oom,1 the Enduring Sun. The Latin for drum is timpanus.

"2

There is a kind of small drum known as a tabor or tabour which suggests Mount TABOR, a mountain doubtless thus named because it is "of a remarkably round shape." The Byzantine mystics used to sit watching their navels, or "circles of the Sun," in the hope of witnessing the farfamed "Light of TABOR" streaming therefrom, as from a focus.3

The brightly-coloured ribbons of the tambourine, like the many-coloured streamers from the ring at the summit of the Maypole, symbolised the all-radiant, streaming sunshine.

Layard in his account of a solar festival near NINEVEH describes how the natives in their exultant frenzy hurled tambourines into the air, while the women made the rocks resound with shrill cries of tahlehl.*

This cry of tahlehl appears to be ta el ale, " Hail resplendent God!" The word hail is the Celtic hael, the Sun, and is radically the same as the word yule. Hiul in Danish and Swedish means wheel, and if we discard the differences of spelling, hueel and hiul are the same word. In Yorkshire, people, until comparatively recently, used to cry Ule! Ule! in the churches as a token of rejoicing, and the common sort ran about the streets singing:

"Ule! Ule! Ule! Ule!

Three puddings in a pule,
Crack nuts and cry Ule!" 5

1 Compare surname DRUMMOND and place-names such as MINDRUM, DUNDRUM, DRUMLISH, DROMORE, DRUMOD, etc.

2 Wright (T.), Early Travels in Palestine, p. 9.

3 King (C. W.), The Gnostics, p. 300.

1 Nineveh, p. 186.

Brand's Antiquities, p. 252.