that many vegetable substances, highly dried and heaped together, will heat, scorch, and at last burn into flame. Of these the most remarkable is a mixture of the expressed oil of the farinaceous seeds, as rape or linseed oil, with almost any other dry vegetable fibre, such as hemp, cotton, matting, &c. and still more, if also united with lamp-black, or any carbonaceous substance. These mixtures if kept for a time undisturbed, in close bundles, and in a warm temperature, even in small quantities, will often heat, and burn with a mouldering fire for some hours; and if air be admitted freely, will then burst into flame. To this without doubt may be attributed several accidental conflagrations in storehouses, and places where quantities of these substances are kept, as has been proved by direct experiments. The most important of these expe. riments were made by Mr. George, and a committee of the Royal Academy at Petersburgh, in the year 1781, in consequence of the destruction, by fire, of a frigate in the harbour of Cronstadt; the conflagration of a large hemp magazine, in the same place, in the same year; and a slight fire on board another frigate, in the same port, in the following year. These accidents led to a very strict examination of the subject, by the Russian government; when it came out, that at the time of the second accident, several parcels of matting, tied with packthread, in which the soot of burnt fir-wood had been mixed with oil, for painting the ship, had been lying some time on the floor of the cabin, whence the fire broke out. In consequence of which, the following experiments were made: forty pounds of fir.wood soot were soaked with about thirty-five pounds of hemp oil var. nish, and the whole was wrapped up in a mat, and put in a close cabin. In about sixteen hours it was observed to give out a smoke, which rapidly increased, and when the door was opened, and the air freely admitted, the whole burst into a flame. Three pounds of fir-black were mixed with five pounds of hemp-oil varnish, and the whole bound up in linen, and shut up in a chest. In sixteen hours it emitted a very nauseous putrid smell and steam; and two hours afterwards it was actually on fire, and burnt to ashes. In another experiment, the same occurrences took place, but not till the end of forty-one hours after the mixture had been made; and in these and many similar experiments, they all succeeded better, and kindled sooner on bright, than on rainy days. Chimney soot used instead of lamp.black did not answer, nor was any effect produced, when oil of turpentine was substituted for the hemp or rape-oil. In general it was found, that the accension took place more readily with the coarser and more unctuous fir-black, than with the finer sorts; but the proportions of the black to the oil did not appear to be of any great moment. Sometimes, in wet weather, these mixtures only become hot for some hours, and then cooled again, without actually taking fire. In all these cases the soot or black was from wood, and not coal. The presence of lamp-black, or any other dry carbonaceous matter, is not necessary however; for a spontaneous inflammation will take place in hemp or cotton, simply soaked in any of these expressed oils, when in considerable quantity, or under circumstances favourable to this process, as in very hot weather, or closely shut up. An accident of this sort happened at Gainsborough, in Lincolnshire, in July, 1794, with a bale of yarn of 120lb., accidentally soaked in rape-oil; which, after remaining in a warehouse for several days, began to smoke, to emit a most nauseous smell, and finally to burst out in a most violent flame. A similar accident, with a very small quantity of the materials, happened at Bombay. A bottle of linseed oil had been left stand. ing on a chest; this had been thrown down by accident in the night, the oil ran into a chest which contained some coarse cotton cloth, and in the morning the cloth was found scorching hot, and reduced nearly to tinder, and the wood of the chest charred on the inside. On subsequent trial, a piece of the same cloth was soaked in oil, shut up in a box, and in no longer time than three hours it was found scorching hot, and on opening the cloth it burst into fire. Similar to this is the spontaneous combustion of wool, or woollen yarn, which has occasionally happened when large quantities have been kept, heaped up in rooms little aired, and in hot weather. The oil with which wool is dressed, which is generally rape-oil, appears the chief agent in this combustion. Even high dried, oily, or farinaceous matter of any kind, will alone take fire, when placed in circumstances very favourable to this process. Rye flour roasted till half parched, and of the colour of coffee, and wrapped up in a linen cloth, has been found to heat violently, and to destroy the cloth. Wheat flour, when heated in large quantities, and highly dried, has been known to take fire in hot weather, causing accidents in granaries and bakers' shops. An accident of this kind is related by Count Morrozzo, in the Memoirs of the Turin Academy, to have happened at a flour warehouse at Turin, containing about three hundred sacks of flour. It began by a violent explosion, on a lamp being brought into the ware. house, and the whole was soon after in flames. Charcoal alone also has been known to take fire in powder-mills, when quantities of it in powder have been kept for some time closely packed. Another, and totally different species of spontaneous combustion, is that which occurs during the oxygenation or vitriolization of pyrites, or sulphurets of iron, copper, &c. A most curious, and, if not well authenticated, a scarcely cre. dible species of spontaneous inflammation, is that in a few rare instances, known to occur in the human body. It is not quite certain indeed, whether the first inflammation has been quite spon. taneous, or caused by the approach of a lighted substance; but in these melancholy accidents, the body of the unfortunate sufferers has been brought to a state of such high combustibility, that the flame once kindled, has gone on without other fuel, to the entire destruction of every part, (the bones and extremities excepted) and, as it appears, has been attended with actual flame, of a lam. bent faint light. This change is the more remarkable, as the human body, in all its usual states, both of health and disease, is scarcely at all of itself combustible, and cannot be reduced to ashes without the assistance of a very large pile of faggots, or other fuel; as universal experience, in the very ancient mode of sepul. ture, and the history of martyrdoms, abundantly shews. Cases of this human combustion on record, have occurred in different countries. Two of them, well authenticated, are recorded in the Philosophical Transactions, and occurred in England; and a few others in Italy, France, and elsewhere. In all but one, the sub. jects of them have been females rather advanced in life, of indolent habits, and apparently much addicted to spirituous liquors. The accident has generally been detected by the penetrating fetid smell of burning and sooty films, which have spread to a great distance; and the sufferers have in every instance been discovered dead, and with the body more or less completely burnt up, leaving in the burnt parts only an oily, crumbly, sooty, and extremely fetid matter. Another circumstance in which these cases all agree, is the comparative weakness of the heat produced by this combus. tion, notwithstanding the very complete disorganization of the body itself, so that the furniture of the room, wooden chairs, &c. found within the reach of the burning body, were in many instances absolutely unhurt, and in others only scorched; the heat not having been strong enough to set them on fire. It is impossi. ble to give an adequate reason for this remarkable change; nor does it seem before the very time of the accident to have produced any very sensible alteration in the appearance and functions of the body, which is certainly a most astonishing circumstance. With regard to the effect which the use of ardent spirits is supposed to have in this case, it is impossible not to imagine that this cause may contribute largely to this change; but the instances of the abuse of spirits are so innumerable, and those of this surprising combustion are so extremely rare, that very little satisfaction can be obtained from this explanation. [Pantologia. CHAP. X. CHEMICAL AFFINITY. 1. ALL the great bodies which constitute the solar system are urged towards each other by a force which preserves them in their orbits, and regulates their motions. This force has received the name of attraction. Its nature is unknown: whether it be inhe. rent in these bodies themselves, or the consequence of some foreign agent, are questions altogether beyond the reach of philosophy, because we have no method of deciding the point. One would be more inclined to the first supposition than to the other, as we can conceive no foreign agent sufficient to explain the planetary mo. tions unless an intelligent one; and, for any thing which we know to the contrary, it was as easy for the Creator to have bestowed on the planets the power of acting on each other at a distance, as the power of being acted on, and receiving motion from other substances. 2. Sir Isaac Newton demonstrated, that this planetary attraction is the same with gravitation, or that force by which a heavy body is urged towards the earth; that it is possessed, not only by the planets as wholes, but by all their component parts also; that it is mutual; that it extends to indefinite distances; and that all bodies, as far as is known, are possessed of it. 3. When two bodies are brought within a certain distance, they adhere together, and require a considerable force to separate them. This is the case, for instance, with two polished pieces of marble or glass. When a piece of metal, or indeed almost any body whatever, is plunged into water and drawn out again, its surface is moistened, that is to say, part of the water adheres to it. When a rod of gold is plunged into mercury, it comes out stained indelibly with a white colour, because it retains and carries with it a portion of the mercury. Hence it is evident that there is a force which urges these bodies towards each other, and keeps them together; consequently there is an attraction between them. Bodies, therefore, are not only attracted towards the earth and the planetary bodies, but towards each other. The nature of this attraction cannot be assigned any more than that of gravitation; but its existence is equally certain, as far at least as regards by far the greater number of bodies. 4. In all cases we find the particles of matter united together in masses; differing indeed from each other in magnitude, but con. taining all of them a great number of particles. These particles remain united, and cannot be separated without the application of a considerable force; consequently they are kept together by a force which urges them towards each other, since it opposes their separation. Consequently this force is an attraction. Thus we see that there is a certain unknown force which urges bodies towards each other; a force which acts not only upon large masses of matter, as the sun and the planets, but upon the smaller component parts of these bodies, and even upon the particles of which these bodies are composed. Attraction, therefore, as far as we know, extends to all matter, and exists mutually between all matter. It is not annihilated at how great a distance soever we may suppose bodies to be placed from each other; neither does it disappear, though they be placed ever so near each other. The nature of this attraction, or the cause which produces it, is alto. gether unknown; but its existence is demonstrated by all the phænomena of nature. 5. This attraction was long accounted for, by supposing that there existed a certain unknown substance, which impelled all bodies towards each other; a hypothesis to which philosophers |