and vertical circle. It is found by this proton: As the radius to the tangent of the latiof the place, fo is the tangent of the fun's or altitude, for inftance, to the cofine of the ath from the fouth, at the time of the equiÁZIMUTH CIRCLES are reprefented by the on common fea charts, and on the globe reprefented by the quadrant of altitude, arewed in the zenith. On these azimuths hed the height of the stars and of the fun not in the meridian. " line on the bar, are in the fame plane which dif pofes itfe.f perpendicular to the horizon, when the inner box is at reft, and hangs free. This index does not move round, but is always placed on, fo as to answer the fame fide of the box. When the fun's azimuth is defired, and his rays are ftrong enough to caft a fhadow, turn about the wooden box, till the fhadow, of the horizontal thread, or (if the fun be too low) till that of the perpendicular thread, in one ftile, or the light through the flit on the other, falls upon the line in the index bar, or vibrates to an equal distance on each fide of it gently touching the box if it vibrates too far: obferve, at the same time, the degree marked upon the brafs edge by the catgut line. In counting the degree for the azimuth, or any other angle that is reckoned from the meridian, make ufe of the outward circle of figures upon the brais edge; and the fituation of the index bar, with regard to the card and needle, will always direct upon what quarter of the compfs the object is placed. But if the fun does not fine out fufficiently strong, place the eye behind the narrow flit in one of the tiles, and turn the wooden box about, tiil fome part of the horizontal or perpendicular thread appears to interfect the centre of the fun, or vibrate to an equal distance on each fide of it, ufing fmoked glafs next the eye, if the fun's light is too ftrong. In this method, another obferver will be generally neceflary, to note the degree cut by the nonius, at the fame time that the first gives notice that the thread appears to fplit the object. The other obfervations will be cafily performed: only, in cafe of the fun's amplitde, take care to number the degree by the help of the inner circle of figures on the card which are the complement of the outer to 90": and, confequently, how the diftance from E. to W. The azimuth of the stars may also be obferved by night; a proper light ferving equally for one obferver to see the thread, and, the other degree upon the card. It may not be amifs to remark farther, that in cafe the inner box fhould lofe its equilibrium, and, confequently, the index be out of the plane of a vertical circle, an accurate obfervation may ftill be made, provided the fun's fhadow is diftinét; for, by obferving first with one end of the index towards the fun, and then the other, a mean of the two obfervations will be the truth. Plate XXXV. exhibits a perfpective view of the compafs, when in order for obfervation; the point of view being the centre of the card, and the diftance of the eye two feet. AB is the wooden box. C and D are two milled nuts; by means whereof the axis of the inner box and ring are taken from their edges, on which they move, and the friction increased, when neceflary. EF is the ring that fupports the inner box. GH is the inner box; and I is one of its axes, by which it is fufpended on the ring EF. The magnet or needle appears paffing through the centre, together with a fmall brace of ivory, that confines the cap to its place. The card is a fingle varnished paper, reaching as far as the outer circle of figures, which is a circle of thin brass; the edge whereof is turned down at right angles to the piane of the card, to make it more stiff. O is a catgut line, drawn from the infide of the AZIMUTH COMPASS, an inftrument for either the magnetical azimuth or amplifan heavenly object. The learned Dr invented fome time ago a very accurate ful fea-compafs, which is at prefent ufed ravy, and will be found described under COMPASS. This inftrument, with the ing contrivance added by the ingenius Mr anfwers the purposes of an azimuth and de compafs. The cover of the wooden ng taken off, the compafs is in a condition scade ufe of in the binnacle, when the weamoderate: but if the fea runs high, as the box is hung very free upon its centre, (the anfwer its her purposes,) it will be ne75 flacken the milled nut, placed upon one es that fupport the ring, and to lighten tan the outfide that corresponds to it. by as, the inner box and ring will be lifted the edges, upon which they reft, when the friction will be increafed, and that ree neceflary, to prevent the too great , which otherwife would be occafioned tion of the ship. To make the comin taking the magnetic azimuth or amof the fun and ftars, as alfo the bearings lands, hips and other objects at a difthe brafs edge, defigned at firft to fupport d, and throw the weight thereof as near amference as poffible, is itself divided into and halves; which may be easily estimated ader parts, if neceffary. The divifions are led by means of a catgut line, ftretched cularly with the box, as near the brafs may be, that the parallax, arifing from a at pofition of the obferver, may be as little e. Underneath the card are two finall iding on two wires, placed at right anach other; which being moved nearer to, Father from, the centre, counterbalance the of the card in different latitudes, or re the equilibrium of it, where it happens by er means to be got too much out of level. Le is alfo added an index at the top of the in, which may be put on and taken off at e; and ferve for all altitudes of the object. fts of a bar, equal in length to the diamethe inner box, each end being furnished perpendicular ftile, with a fit parallel to s thereof: one of the flits is narrow, to the eye is applied: and the other is wider, fallcatgut ftretched up the middle of it, from thence the top of the other. There is are drawn along the upper furface of the Thefe viz. the narrow flit, the horizongut thread, the perpendicular, one, and the a 4, edga box, for determining the degree upon the brafs edge. PQRS is the index bar, with its two ftiles and catgut threads; which being taken off from the top of the box, is placed in two pieces, T and V, notched properly to receive it. W is a place cut out in the wood, ferving as an handle. (5.) AZIMUTH DIAL. See 1. (6.) AZIMUTH, MAGNETICAL, an arch of the horizon intercepted between the azimuth, or vertical circle, paffing through the centre of any heavenly body, and the magnetical meridian. This is found by obferving the object with an azimuth compafs. AZLEEL, the name of an angel, mentioned in the book afcribed to Enoch. (1.) AZMER, a province of India, belonging to the Great Mogul. Its chief trade is in faltpetre. (2.) AZMER, a town of the Eaft Indies in the dominions of the Great Mogul, capital of the province, (N° 1.) with a very ftrong caftle. It is pretty large, and is fometimes vifited by the Mogul himfelf. It is about 62 leagues diftant from Agra. (1.) AZO, a town of Afia, in the E. Indies, feated on the frontiers of Azem, on the river Laquin. Lon. 88. 30. E. Lat. 25. o. N. (2.) Azo, I. and Earls of Efte, in Italy, in which the Portuguese fet fail and took posses of them, which they have retained ever fince They have all a clear fky and falubrious air; extremely fertile, in corn, wine, and various frui and breed great numbers of cattle. It is faid t are quite free of venomous animals; but they fubject to earthquakes, and it is fuppofed t owe their origin to fome fuch dreadful convul They are feen at a great distance, one of th having a very high mountain, called the Pico, peak of the Azores. They are fituated 900 m W. of Portugal, and as many E. of Newfoundia between 25°. and 32°. Lon. W. and between and 40°. Lat. N. AZORIUM, in old law Latin, AZURE. (1.) AZOTH, in ancient chemistry, the firft ter of metals, or the mercury of a metal; m particularly that which Alchemifts call the mer of philofophers, which they pretended to draw f all forts of metallic bodies. (2.) AZOTH is alfo a name given to the ph fopher's ftone. When the Arabs began to ft chemistry, their metaphorical and hieroglyph manner of writing feems to have given rift practice, of calling the means made use of for br ing metals to perfection, by the name of m cines, and imperfect metals by the name of century. and gold that of a and lively claimed their defcent from the Acci, a patrician family of ancient Rome. Their pofterity fettling afterwards in Germany, gave rife to the illuftrious houfe of Brunswick; from which that of Hanover and the prefent royal family of Great Britain are lineally defcended. AZOF. See Asorн. AZOGA SHIPS, are thofe Spanish fhips commonly called the QUICKSILVER SHIPS, from their carrying quickfilver to the Spanish Weft Indies, to extract the filver out of the mines of Mexico and Peru. Thefe flips are prohibited to carry any goods except for the king of Spain. AZOLO. See ACELUM. AZONI, [from a privative, and Com, country,] in mythology, a term anciently applied to fuch of the gods as were not the private divinities of any particular country, but were acknowledged in every country, and worshipped by every nation. They were fuperior to the gods called ZONEI; who were fuppofed to inhabit particular parts of the world, and never to ftir out of the diftrict or zone that was affigned them. Such in Egypt were Serapis, Ofiris, and Bacchus; and in Greece, the Sun, Mars, the Moon, and Pluto. They were called by the Romans DI COMMUNES. AZOOPHAGUS, [from a, v, animal, and gay, to eat,] in natural hiftory, a term used by authors to exprefs fuch infects or animals as feed on herbs, never eating the fleth of any living crea ture. AZORES, or WESTERN ISLES, nine iflands in the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to Portugal. Their names are St Maria, St Michael, Tercera, St George, Graciofa, Fayal, Pico, Flores and Corvo. They were firft difcovered, in 1439, by John Vanderberg, a merchant of Bruges, who was driven here by ftrefs of weather. On his arfival at Libon, le boasted of his difcovery, on fon. Hence it was fuppofed, that these werd be understood literally, efpecially upon fin the impurities of the bafer metals called by name of leprofies; and hence rose the opin that the imperfect metals might e turned gold, and the bodies of fuch men into found o by the fame preparation. (3.) AzoтH, or ASHDOD, one of the 5 c AZOTUS, of the Philistines, and a brated fea-port on the Mediterranean, fituated bout 14 or 15 miles S. of Ekron, between t and Afcalon. It was in this city, that the i Dagon fell down before the ark; and fo ftro place was it, if we may believe Herodotus, it sustained a fiege of 29 years, by Pfammit king of Egypt. It was, however, taken by Maccabees in a much fhorter time; who by both city and temple, and with them about & men. The town is now called by the Arabs faneyun. It is but thinly inhabited, though fituation is very pleafant: with regard to houfes, thofe that were built in the time of C tianity, and which are now inhabited by M metans, ftill preferve fome claim to admirati but the modern buildings, though generally ftone, have nothing in them which can attract notice of a traveller. The ftreets are pretty br the inhabitants mottly Mahometans, with a Chriftians of the Greek communion, who ha church under the jurifdiction of the archbitho Gaza. The town is about a mile and a hal circumference; and has in it a mofque, a pu bath, a market-place, and two inns. The m ber of the inhabitants is between 2 and 3000 The moft remarkable things in this place are old ftructure with fine marble pillars, which inhabitants fay was the houfe that Samplon pu down; and to the SE. just out of the town, water in which the Ethiopian eunuch was b tized by the apoftle Philip. There are feveral ancient buildings, with capitals and pillars ftanding. AZPEYLIA, a town of Spain, feated on the Gcetaria, between Villa Real and Ceftona. AZPLICUETA, Martin, furnamed Navarre, was born at Verasoa, near Pampeluna, in Spain, 1494. He was professor of law in feveral univerities, and died at Rome in 1586. His works were printed at Lyons, in 6 vols fol. 1597. AZPOYTIA, or ASPOYTIA, a town of Spain, the province of Bifcay. Lon. 2. 32. W. Lat. 414. N. AZUA, a small town on the S. fide of the island oft Domingo, feated on a deep bay. AZUBAH, the daughter of Shilli and mother fking Jebothaphat. AZUL, RIO, or the BLUE RIVER, a river of North America, in California. AZUM, a port of Abyffinia on the Red Sea. AZURAL, adj. of an azure colour. Shakefp. (1.) * AZURE. adj. [azur, Fr. azurra, Span. ar, Arab. from lazuli, a blue ftone.] Blue; blue. Like pomels round of marble clear, Where azur'd veins well mixt appear. Sidney. The blue of the first order, though very faint little, may be the colour of fome fubftance; the azure colour of the fkies feems to be this der. Newton. Thus replies Minerva, graceful with her azure eyes. Pope. The fea, Far through his azure turbulent domain, Your empire owns. Thomfon. AURE, among painters, which at prefent a fine blue colour refembling that of the 47, was formerly appropriated to Lapis Lazuli, * to the blue prepared from it. But fince a has been extracted from cobalt, cuftom has ved to it the name of azure, although it difis confiderably from the former, and is incapabing ufed for the fame purposes, and parte iriy for painting in oil. The former at precalled lapis lazuli; or only lapis; and the prepared from it for painting in oil, is called marine. The name azure is generally aphed to the blue glafs made from the earth of coand vitrifiable matters. This glafs which is dmalt when in maffes, is called azure only ten it is reduced to a fine powder. Several nds of azure are diftinguished, according to its es of beauty, by the names of fine azure, red azure, and azure of four fires. In geneat the more intenfe the colour, and the finer the wder, the more beautiful and dear it is. Azure ployed to colour ftarch; hence it has alfo een called starch-blue. It is ufed for painting colours, and for a blue enamel. 3) AZURE, in heraldry, the blue colour in the arms of any person below the rank of a baron.-In the efcutcheon of a nobleman, it is called fap phire; and in that of a fovereign prince, Jupiter. In engraving, this colour is expreffed by lines or ftrokes drawn horizontally. M. Upton and his followers rank this colour before Gules. This colour may fignify justice, Perseverance, and Vigilance; but according to G. Leigh, it is compounded with (4.) AZURE STONE, the Lapis Lazuli. See § 2. AZYGOS, in anatomy, a vein rifing within the thorax, on the right fide, having no fellow on the left; whence it is called aguys, or vena fine pari. See ANATOMY, Index. AZYMA, or { [from a negative, and Suun, ferAZYMES, ment,] The feaft of unleavened bread, among the Jews. AZYMITES, in church hiftory, Chriftians who adminifter the eucharift with unleavened bread. This appellation is given to the Latin Church by the Greek, because the members of the former use fermented bread in the celebration of the eucharift. They alfo call the Arminians and Maronites by the fame name, and for the fame reason. AZYMOUS, adj. fomething unfermented, or made without leaven; as unleavened bread. Sea bifcuit is of this kind; and therefore according to Galen, lefs wholefome than bread that has been fermented. AZYMUS, a term much ufed in the difpute betwixt those of the Greek, and Roman Church; the latter of whom contend, that the bread in the mafs ought to be azymus, unleavened, in imitation of the patchal bread of the Jews, and of our Saviour, who inftituted the facrament on the day of the patlover; and the former ftrenuoufly maintaining the contrary, from tradition and the conftant ufage of the church. In the council of Florence it was decreed, that the point lay at the difcretion of the church; and that either leavened or unleavened bread might be used. The weftern church has preferred the latter. AZZALUM, in the ancient phyfiology, a fpecies of iron, reputed the moft excellent of all, fuppofed to have been brought from India, whence it was called Indicum, but, in reality, according to fome, brought from China. AZZO, Portius, an Italian lawyer, was a native of Bologna, where he was chofen profeffor of jurifprudence, in 1190. He wrote a work held in great eftimation, entitled, A Summary of the Code and the Inflitutes. He died about 1220. (1.) B, |