The Foreign Aphrodite, or Helen the stranger Hera, Hestia, and Themis also to be identified with Aegyptian deities, though not known as such to Herodotus II. Osiris, Isis, Horus, and the calf Apis Dualistic character of Osiris as mortal King of Aegypt and divine Rhea delivered of five children on the five intercalary days obtained by Hermes, viz. Osiris, and the elder Horus, begotten by the Obtains the chest, which had been stranded at Byblos: Typhon subsequently recovers it, tears the body into fourteen pieces, and Osiris, or Dionysus, and Isis, or Demeter, the two national deities Isis represented like Io, and perhaps regarded as the moon Horus the son, and Bubastis the daughter, of Osiris and Isis, con- cealed by Leto in the floating island of Chemmis from Typhon Annual representation of his allegorical adventures on the circular Swine, though considered an impure animal, sacrificed at the full At the festival of Isis the tail, spleen, and caul of the pig was burnt, but the rest eaten : pigs of baked dough offered by the poor At the festival of Osiris a pig slain at every door, and Dionysiac Begotten on a cow by a flash of lightning Known by his black hair, white square mark on his forehead, eagle on his back, beetle on his tongue, and double hairs in his tail If found wanting, the soul is sent back to earth in the form of an animal: if justified by its works, the soul is introduced by Horus Osiris to be regarded as the "divine goodness" II. The SOLDIERS, a military race, divided into the Hermotybies and the Calasires ib Royal body-guard composed of 2000 men, changed annually ib ib ib Five inferior castes, including the masses, very imperfectly distin- 485 means ib III. The HERDSMEN probably included husbandmen, nomades, and the marshmen of the Delta ib IV. The SWINEHERDS, a Pariah caste 486 V. The TRADERS, probably included several subdivisions, which were all hereditary VI. The INTERPRETERS, first originated in the reign of Psammitichus VII. The STEERSMEN, or navigators of the Nile Great extent of the river navigation Physical characteristics of the Aegyptians Described by Herodotus as being swarthy and curly-headed ib 487 ib ib ib ib Intermediate between the Syro-Arabian and the Aethiopian type Daughters, and not sons, obliged to support their parents Priests shave their heads Laity leave their hair to grow whilst mourning for near relations Page 489 ib 490 ib ib ib ib Rings and sail sheets fastened inside their boats Writing and ciphering from left to right Dress of the Aegyptians, a linen tunic, and white woollen mantle Equipment of the marines in the navy of Xerxes Social customs ib ib ib 491 ib Wine from the grape, probably imported from Greece . ib Phoenician palm wine, and wine made from barley ib Radishes, onions, and garlic 493 Marshmen of the Delta lived on the lotus, the stalk of the byblus, and dried fish ib Extracted an oil from the sillicyprion, called kiki 494 . Strange custom of carrying round the image of a corpse at drinking parties ib Extraordinary preservation of a very ancient dirge, called Maneros, which resembled the Greek Linus ib Question as to whether it may not have originated in the death Models kept by the embalmers of the three different modes . Recovered bodies of persons killed by crocodiles, or drowned in the Nile, regarded as sacred, and embalmed in the best manner at the public expense ib Art of medicine subdivided into numerous branches Page 498 Purging generally practised Science of geometry originated in the yearly re-measuring of the 499 land after the inundations Character of the Aegyptian writing Two kinds of letters noticed by Herodotus, the sacred, or hieratic, and the common, or demotic General sketch of the three modes of Aegyptian writing I. The Hieroglyphic, including pictures representing objects, pictures representing ideas, and pictures representing sounds II. The Hieratic, or sacred writing, a species of short-hand hieroglyphics III. The Enchorial, or common writing Aegyptian mode of building the merchant barge, called a baris 501 ib ib ib 502 Down stream were tugged by a hurdle at the prow, and steadied by a stone at the stern Animals did not abound in Aegypt, but were all considered sacred, whether wild or domesticated ib Curators appointed over each species ib Maintained by the vows of parents 503 The murder of an animal, if wilful, punished by death; if accidental, by a fine; but the murderer of the Ibis, or hawk, always executed ib Cats sacred to Bubastis, or Pasht ib Number diminished by the males killing the kittens, and the cats Crocodiles, Herodotus's description of their nature and habits Singular affection for the trochilus Worshipped in the neighbourhood of Thebes and Lake Moeris Caught by means of a hook baited with a chine of pork 508 509 ib 510 . ib Hippopotamus ib |