Nephthys, 463.
Nestus, river, 129.
Neuri, occupying Poland and Lithua- nia, 180.
Niger, river, basin of, 532, 558; reach-
ed by the Nasamones, 571. Nile, river, but very little could be learnt by Herodotus, 357; three dif- ferent causes assigned by the Greeks for its periodical overflow, ib.; theory of Herodotus, 358; origin of the three previous theories, ib.; that of the Etesian winds, taught by Thales, ib.; that of the river Ocean, by Hecataeus, ib.; that of the melt- ed snows, taught by Anaxagoras, 359; real cause of the inundation first discovered by Democritus and Callisthenes, ib.; period of the inun- dation, ib.; singular theory of the philosophers of Memphis as de- scribed by Diodorus, 360; sources of the Nile, 361; hoaxing story told by the bursar of the Athene temple at Sais, ib.; effects produced by the inundation, 362; Aegypt like a sea, and her cities like islands, ib.; navi- gation carried on across the plain of the Delta, ib.; cities protected by mounds, ib.; seven mouths of the Nile, viz. Pelusiac, Canopic, Seben- nytic, Saitic, Mendesian, Bolbotine, and Bucolic, 363; their identification on the modern map, ib.; ancient and modern channels of, 387; Canal of Joseph, ib.; White and Blue Niles, 516; Herodotus's description of the Nile southwards of Elephantine, 517; difficult navigation up the first cata- ract, ib.; four days' voyage to the island of Tachompso, 518; vast lake, ib.; forty days' journey along the banks, ib.; twelve days' voyage far- ther to Meroe, ib.; country of the Automoli, ib.; Macrobians on the South Sea, ib.; upper course of the Nile supposed to be from west to east, like the Ister, ib.; river flow- ing in that direction discovered by the Nasamones, 519; comparison of Herodotus's account with modern geography, ib.; Blue Nile the true Nile of the ancients, 524, Nineveh, 252.
Nine Ways of the Edonians, 130. Nipsaei, 127.
Nisaea, town of, 57.
Nisaean plain and horses, 288. Nisyrians, 224.
Nitocris, sepulchre of, 262; raised dams round the Euphrates, 263. Noes, river, 132.
Nonacris, town of, 39.
Notium, 216.
Nubia, description of, 516. Nudium, town of, 46. Nysa, sacred city of, 522.
Oarus, river, 185. Oasis, city of, 559. Ocean, river, supposed by Hecataeus to cause the overflow of the Nile, 358. Odomanti, 129.
Odrysae Thracians, 126. Oea, 110.
Oenean mountains, 28. Oenoe, 65.
Oenyssae isles, 105. Oenone, 110. Oeroe, river of, 70. Oeta, Mount, 28. Oetosyrus, 162. Olbiopolitae, 153. Olenus, town of, 45. Olophyxus, 118. Olympia, plain of, 46. Olympieni, 226. Olympus, Mount, 27, 85. Olynthus, 118, 119. Ombrici, 176. Onochonus, river, 85. Onuphites, 383. Ophryneium, 228. Opis, 264.
Opuntian Locrians, 80, 81. Opus, 98.
Orchomenus, 39, 69.
Ordessus, river, 144; identified with the Argisch, 145. Oresteum, town of, 53. Oricus, 88.
Orneae, town of, 41. Oropus, 65. Orosangae, 275.
Orotal, an Arabian deity identified by Herodotus with Dionysus, 320. Orthocorybantii, 285. Oryes, 542.
Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 375; circular lake, ib.; dualistic character of Osi- ris as mortal King of Aegypt and Divine Ruler of Hades, 461; Hero- dotus's hesitation and reserve in al- luding to Osiris, ib.; general division of the subject, 462; mythic history of the earthly adventures of Osiris, ib.; traces in the myth of a reference to astronomy, 465; physical interpret- ation of the myth as given by Plu tarch, 466; Herodotus's account of Osiris, Isis, and Horus, 467; Osiris, or Dionysus, and Isis, or Demeter, the two national deities of Aegypt, ib.; Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 468; annual representation of his alle- gorical adventures on the circular lake, ib.; Osiris and Isis considered by the Aegyptians to be the rulers of
Hades, 469; worship of Osiris and | Isis universal, 470; its peculiarities, ib.; swine, though considered an impure animal, sacrificed at the full moon to both deities, ib.; at the festival of Osiris a pig slain at every door, and Dionysiac orgies cele- brated, 471; Aegyptian conceptions of Osiris, 472; represented on the monuments as Judge of the Dead and Ruler of Amenti, or Hades, 474; Osiris to be regarded as the "divine goodness," 475; manner of his mani- festation upon earth involved in mys- tery, ib.; speculative and allegori- cal character of the theory, 476; symbolical figure of Osiris, ib.
Ossa, Mount, 27, 85. Othrys, Mount, 27, 85.
Panionium, Ionian confederacy wor- shipping at, 218, 219. Panopeus, 80. Panormus, 223. Panthialaei, 270.
Panticapes, river, 146; probably the Samara, 148. Pantimathi, 289. Papaeus, 162. Paphlagonians, 238. Paphos, 96.
Papremis, city of, 376; temple of Ares, ib.; festival in honour of Ares, 457. Papremites, 383. Paralatae, 160.. Parapotamium, 79. Paretaceni, 289.
Paricanii, difficulties respecting, 285; their equipment, 298.
Oxus, river, probably the Aces, 192; Parium, 228.
Palaestine, Syrians of, or Hebrews, scarcely known to Herodotus, 248; importance of Palaestine as a key to Aegypt, ib.; Ascalon, temple of Aphrodite or Astarte, ib.; Magdo- lus, or Megiddo, 249; Cadytis, ib.; identified by Prideaux with Jerusa- lem, ib.; by Mr. Ewing with Ke- desh in Galilee, ib.; by Col. Raw- linson with Gaza, 250; correctness of the latter view, ib.; sea-ports of Palaestine, ib.; arid tract between Jenysus and Lake Serbonis, 251; practice of circumcision, ib.; pillars of Sesostris, ib.
Pale, 91. Pallene, 65, 118. Pamisus, river, 85.
Pamphylians, 226. Pan, grotto of, 62.
Pan, identified by Herodotus with the Aegyptian Khem, and especially worshipped at Mendes, 449. Pangaeus, Mount, 129.
Parnassus, Mount, 28; Herodotus's description of, 78. Parnes, Mount, 28. Paroreatae, 37. Paros, island of, 99. Parthenion, Mount, 39. Parthenius, river, 279.
Parthia, identified with the mountains north of Khorassan, 291. Pasargadae, 270.
Pasht, the Aegyptian, or Bubastis, identified with Artemis, 451; festi- val of, ib.
Patara, oracle at, 225. Patrae, town of, 45. Patumos, city of, 316. Pausicae, 289. Pedasus, 221. Pediea, 79. Peirus, river, 45.
Pelasgia, ancient name of Hellas, 31. Pelasgians, ancient inhabitants of Greece, 31; their character, 32; Pelasgian Aegialeis, 44; Pelasgians of Arcadia, 38; of Hymettus, 66. Pelasgic wall, 63. Pelasgiotis in Thessaly, 85. Pelion, Mount, 27. Pella, 119. Pellene, 44.
Peloponnesus, its division into nine districts, 34; Herodotus's account of the Peloponnesian races, 35; set- tlements of the races prior to the Dorian invasion, ib.; settlements in the time of Herodotus, 36. Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, 363. Pelusium, 378.
Peneus, river, 85.
Percote, 228.
Pergamus in Thrace, 109; in Asia Minor, 227.
Perrhaebi, 86.
Perinthus, 126, 132.
Perpherees, 98. Perseus, his temple at Chemmis, 435, 458; his enormous sandal, 458; gymnastic games celebrated at Chem- mis in his honour, ib.; his legendary history according to the Chemmi- tans, ib.
Perseus, Tower of, 378. PERSIAN EMPIRE, divided into twenty satrapies by Darius Hystaspes, 202. Persian army, route through Thrace, Macedonia, etc. See XERXES and DARIUS.
Persians, divided into ten tribes, 270; their religion, ib.; no statues, tem- ples, or altars, ib.; name of Zeus applied to the vault of heaven, ib.; Sacrifices on high places, ib.; an- cient worship of the sun, moon, earth, fire, water, and winds, 271; later worship of Aphrodite or Mitra, ib.; mode of sacrifice, ib.; prayer of the sacrificer, ib.; ode sung by the Magi, ib.; social customs, ib.; cele- bration of birthdays, ib.; modera- tion at meals, but profusion of after- dishes, ib.; addicted to wine, ib.; debate when drunk and again when sober, ib.; modes of salutation ac- cording to rank, 272; respect for neighbouring nations according to their proximity to Persia, ib.; at- tachment to foreign customs, ib.; polygamy, concubinage, and peder- asty, ib.; respect for fathers of large families, ib.; education of sons, ib.; trial of criminals, ib.; parricide con- sidered impossible, ib.; lying and getting into debt especially abhorred, 273; lepers and white pigeons ex- pelled from cities, ib.; veneration for rivers, ib.; ceremonies practised on dead bodies, ib.; weakness of the Persian skull, ib.; Magi a peculiar race, unlike the Aegyptian priests, ib.; Persian ignorance of navigation, ib.; contempt for markets and trad- ers 274; equipment, ib.; special honour paid to valour, ib.; horrible custom of burying alive in honour of Ahriman, ib.; Persian system of post, 275; matters pertaining to the king, ib.; celebration of his birth- day, ib.; those who obliged him called Orosangae, or benefactors, ib.; drank only the water of the river Choaspes, ib.; regarded as the mas- ter of Asia, ib.; general veneration for him, ib.; conduct of the harem 276; Persian language, ib. PERSIS, 245; answering to Farsi 267; general description of the try, ib; sandy plains along t ib.; rising of the land in ter
Polybius, denied the possibility of cir- cumnavigating Africa, 336. Polycrates, his furniture in the He- raeum at Samos, 102. Pontus. See EUXINE.
Porata, river, 144; identified with the Pruth, 145.
Poseidon, national deity of the Ionians, 219.
Poseidon, worshipped by the Libyans, 543.
Prasias, 116; manners and customs of people on, 135. Priene, 217, 223.
Priests, or Piromis, Aegyptian, 482; colleges at Memphis, Thebes, Helio- polis, and Sais, ib. ; estates for their maintenance, ib.; daily allowance of beef, geese, and wine, 483; fish and beans denied, ib.; shaved their bo- dies every third day, ib.; wore gar- ments of linen, and shoes of byblus, ib.; washed four times in 24 hours, ib.
Proconnesus, island of, 228. Propontis, 24. Prosopitis, 383.
Protesilaus, sepulchre of, 127. Proteus, his temenus at Memphis, 359, 459.
Psammitichus, erected southern pro- pylaea of temple of Hephaestus and court for Apis, 389. Psylli, extinct nation of, 548. Psyttalea, isle of, 110. Pteria, 240.
Pthah, the creative power, Aegyptian representation of, 447; identified with Hephaestus, and especially wor- shipped at Memphis, 448. Ptolemy, denied the possibility of cir- cumnavigating Africa, 336. Pylus, town of, 48.
Pyramids.described by Herodotus, iden- tified with those of Gizeh, 390; ge- neral description of their site and relative position, ib.; recent ex- plorations of Col. Howard Vyse and Mr. Perring, 391; the Three Great Pyramids, 393. See CHEOPS, CHE- PHREN, MYCERINUS, ASYCHIS, etc. Character of Herodotus's descrip- tion of the pyramids, and reasons for his various omissions, 415; state of the pyramids at the time of his visit, 416; his ignorance of the in- teriors of the pyramids of Chephren and Mycerinus, 417; origin of the pyramids unknown, ib.; called by the Aegyptians after Philition, and therefore supposed to have been built by the Hyksos, 418; recently discovered to have been built prior
to the Hyksos, ib.; undoubtedly erected as sepulchres, 420; inter- esting discovery made by Dr. Lep- sius relative to pyramidal construc- tion, ib.; effect produced by the pyramids upon the modern traveller, ib.; other buildings, or mounds, si- milar to the pyramids, 421. Pyrgus, town of, 46. Pythii, 51. Pyrene, 174. Pyretos, 144.
Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf, Herodotus's account, 315; supposed to be nar- rower than it really is, ib.; causes of his error, ib.; more correct as to its length, ib.
Rhampsinitus, erected western propy- laea and two statues of Summer and Winter, for the temple of Hephaes- tus, 389.
Rhea, her five children, 463. Rhegium, 177.
Rhenea, island of, 98. Rhodes, island of, 96. Rhodope, Mount, 123, 132. Rhodopis, account of, 409, note. Khoetium, 228.
Rome, singular omission of, 176. Rhypes, town of, 45.
Sacae, the Persian name for Scythians, 157, 293; their costume, ib.; Amyr- gian Sacae to be considered as a Scythian tribe, conquered by Persia, ib.; situated between the Oxus and Jaxartes, ib.
Sagartii, 270; mode of fighting with lassos, 298.
Sahara, desert of, 533, 558. Sais, city of, 374; palace of Apries, ib.; temple of Athene, ib.; splendid propylaea built by Amasis, ib.; co- lossi, obelisks, and andro-sphinxes, ib.; huge rock-chamber, or mono- lith, ib.; tombs of the Saite kings, Apries, Amasis, etc. 375; tomb of Osiris, ib.; circular lake, ib.; mo- dern site of Sais identified with that of Ssa, ib.
Saitic mouth of the Nile, 363. Sala, 128.
Salamis, isle of, 109. Salamis in Cyprus, 96. Salmydessus, 127. Salt hills, nations of, 559; Herodotus's description probably referring to the caravan route leading towards the interior, 563.
Salt mine described by Herodotus, 561; identified with the mines of Tegazah, 569.
Samos, island of, 101; the aqueduct, ib.; the mole, ib.; the temple of Hera and its curiosities, viz. the great brazen mixing-vessel, ib.; two wooden statues of Amasis, 102; pic- ture of the Bosphorus bridge, ib.; furniture of Polycrates, ib.; linen corselet of Amasis, ib. ; brazen ves- sel on a tripod, 103; description of the city of Samos, ib.; curious festi- val observed by the Samians, ib.; flourishing condition of Samos under Polycrates, 104; Samians in Libya, ib.; artistic skill of the Samians, ib.; their dialect, etc., 105. Samothrace, island of, 107. Sana, 118. Sapaei, 129.
Sarangees, identified with the people of Zarang, or Sehestan, 297; costume, 298.
Sardinia, or Sardo, island of, 92. Sardis, capital of the Lydian empire, 229; royal highway to Susa, 330. Sardo, or Sardinia, island of, 92. Sarpedon, Cape, 132. Sarta, 118.
Saspeires, in the valley of the Aras, 285. Sataspes, voyage of, 20, 335, 557; his failure no evidence against the Phoe- nician circumnavigation of Africa, 344.
Sate, identified with Hera, 450. Satrae, 129; the only independent Thracians, 136; their oracle of Dio- nysus, ib.
Satrapies, the twenty, revenue of, 202, 301; Herodotus's error whilst re- ducing the Babylonian talent to the Euboic standard, 302; attempts to account for it, ib. ; error in the sum total; perhaps included taxes paid in kind, tolls, gifts, etc., 303; the mo- ney and gold-dust melted down into ingots, 304.
Sattagydae, 296; identified with the Zhats, 297.
Sauromatae, occupying the country of the Don Cossacks and part of Astra-
can, 181. Scamander, river, 227.
Scapte Hyle, gold mine of, 132.
Sciathus, island of, 107.
Scidrus, 178.
Scione, 118.
Scios, river, 132.
Scironian Way, 57.
Scolopoeis, 233.
Scoloti, a general name for the Scy- thians, 160. Scolus, 69. Scylace, 228.
Scylax of Caryanda, his great merit, 307, 308; singular coincidence be-
tween his report and that of Lieut. Wood, 309. Scyrmiadae, 127. Scyros, island of, 98.
SCYTHIA, difficulties in Herodotus's de- scription, 138; its identification with southern Russia, Moldavia, and Wal- lachia, ib.; face of the country, ib.; Herodotus's description, ib.; form and measurement of Scythia, ib. ; its boundaries, 141; extent of our author's personal knowledge, ib. ; Olbia, the centre of his observations, ib.; explanation of his statements respecting his route along the coast, 142; explanation of his statements respecting the route into the interior, 143; the four-sided shape of Scy- thia explained, ib.; Scythian rivers, 144; boundaries of Scythia on the modern map, 150; Scythian nations, 151; history of Scythia, 154; an- ciently occupied by Cimmerians, ib. ; Scythian invasion, 155; sepulchre of the Cimmerian kings, ib.; Scythian pursuit of the Cimmerians, ib.; Cim- merians in Asia Minor, ib.; Scythi- ans masters of Upper Asia, 156; plunder the temple of Aphrodite at Askalon, ib.; return to Scythia, 157; proofs of the ancient occupation of Scythia by the Cimmerians, ib.; climate of Scythia, ib. ; eight months of the year winter, during which the sea freezes, ib.; four months of cold summer, constant rains and violent thunder-storms, 158; effects of cold on the horses and cattle, ib.; Scy- thian story of the air filled with feathers, ib.; natural productions of Scythia; grass, hemp, wheat, onions, garlic, lentils, millet, ib.; cranes, ib.; swine, ib.; national mythus of Tar- gitaus, and his three sons, Lipoxais, Arpoxais, and Coloxais, ib.; the Auchatae, Catiari, and Traspies, 160; general name of Scoloti, ib.; Greek mythus of the three sons of Heracles, and the serpent maiden Echidna, 161; ignorance of the na- tions on the Euxine, ib.; wise device of the Scythians against invasion, ib. ; their houses carried with them, ib.; Scythian deities; Hestia, Zeus, Ge, Apollo, Aphrodite, Heraclea, and Ares, 162; Poseidon, ib.; mode of sacrifice, ib.; enormous piles of fag- gots sacred to Ares, 163; human sa- crifices, ib.; enemies' heads pre- sented to the king, 164; mode of preparing the skulls and other tro- phies, ib.; soothsayers and manner of divining, 165; ceremonies at the illness of a king, ib.; manner of
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