Nephthys, 463.

Nestus, river, 129.

Neuri, occupying Poland and Lithua-
nia, 180.

Niger, river, basin of, 532, 558; reach-

ed by the Nasamones, 571.
Nile, river, but very little could be
learnt by Herodotus, 357; three dif-
ferent causes assigned by the Greeks
for its periodical overflow, ib.;
theory of Herodotus, 358; origin of
the three previous theories, ib.; that
of the Etesian winds, taught by
Thales, ib.; that of the river Ocean,
by Hecataeus, ib.; that of the melt-
ed snows, taught by Anaxagoras,
359; real cause of the inundation
first discovered by Democritus and
Callisthenes, ib.; period of the inun-
dation, ib.; singular theory of the
philosophers of Memphis as de-
scribed by Diodorus, 360; sources
of the Nile, 361; hoaxing story told
by the bursar of the Athene temple
at Sais, ib.; effects produced by the
inundation, 362; Aegypt like a sea,
and her cities like islands, ib.; navi-
gation carried on across the plain of
the Delta, ib.; cities protected by
mounds, ib.; seven mouths of the
Nile, viz. Pelusiac, Canopic, Seben-
nytic, Saitic, Mendesian, Bolbotine,
and Bucolic, 363; their identification
on the modern map, ib.; ancient and
modern channels of, 387; Canal of
Joseph, ib.; White and Blue Niles,
516; Herodotus's description of the
Nile southwards of Elephantine, 517;
difficult navigation up the first cata-
ract, ib.; four days' voyage to the
island of Tachompso, 518; vast lake,
ib.; forty days' journey along the
banks, ib.; twelve days' voyage far-
ther to Meroe, ib.; country of the
Automoli, ib.; Macrobians on the
South Sea, ib.; upper course of the
Nile supposed to be from west to
east, like the Ister, ib.; river flow-
ing in that direction discovered by
the Nasamones, 519; comparison of
Herodotus's account with modern
geography, ib.; Blue Nile the true
Nile of the ancients, 524,
Nineveh, 252.

Nine Ways of the Edonians, 130.
Nipsaei, 127.

Nisaea, town of, 57.

Nisaean plain and horses, 288.
Nisyrians, 224.

Nitocris, sepulchre of, 262; raised
dams round the Euphrates, 263.
Noes, river, 132.

Nonacris, town of, 39.

Notium, 216.

Nubia, description of, 516.
Nudium, town of, 46.
Nysa, sacred city of, 522.

Oarus, river, 185.
Oasis, city of, 559.
Ocean, river, supposed by Hecataeus
to cause the overflow of the Nile, 358.
Odomanti, 129.

Odrysae Thracians, 126.
Oea, 110.

Oenean mountains, 28.
Oenoe, 65.

Oenyssae isles, 105.
Oenone, 110.
Oeroe, river of, 70.
Oeta, Mount, 28.
Oetosyrus, 162.
Olbiopolitae, 153.
Olenus, town of, 45.
Olophyxus, 118.
Olympia, plain of, 46.
Olympieni, 226.
Olympus, Mount, 27, 85.
Olynthus, 118, 119.
Ombrici, 176.
Onochonus, river, 85.
Onuphites, 383.
Ophryneium, 228.
Opis, 264.

Opuntian Locrians, 80, 81.
Opus, 98.

Orchomenus, 39, 69.

Ordessus, river, 144; identified with
the Argisch, 145.
Oresteum, town of, 53.
Oricus, 88.

Orneae, town of, 41.
Oropus, 65.
Orosangae, 275.

Orotal, an Arabian deity identified by
Herodotus with Dionysus, 320.
Orthocorybantii, 285.
Oryes, 542.

Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 375; circular
lake, ib.; dualistic character of Osi-
ris as mortal King of Aegypt and
Divine Ruler of Hades, 461; Hero-
dotus's hesitation and reserve in al-
luding to Osiris, ib.; general division
of the subject, 462; mythic history of
the earthly adventures of Osiris, ib.;
traces in the myth of a reference to
astronomy, 465; physical interpret-
ation of the myth as given by Plu
tarch, 466; Herodotus's account of
Osiris, Isis, and Horus, 467; Osiris,
or Dionysus, and Isis, or Demeter,
the two national deities of Aegypt,
ib.; Osiris, his tomb at Sais, 468;
annual representation of his alle-
gorical adventures on the circular
lake, ib.; Osiris and Isis considered
by the Aegyptians to be the rulers of

Polybius, denied the possibility of cir-
cumnavigating Africa, 336.
Polycrates, his furniture in the He-
raeum at Samos, 102.
Pontus. See EUXINE.

Porata, river, 144; identified with the
Pruth, 145.

Poseidon, national deity of the Ionians,
219.

Poseidon, worshipped by the Libyans,
543.

Potidaea, 118.

Prasias, 116; manners and customs of
people on,
135.
Priene, 217, 223.

Priests, or Piromis, Aegyptian, 482;
colleges at Memphis, Thebes, Helio-
polis, and Sais, ib. ; estates for their
maintenance, ib.; daily allowance of
beef, geese, and wine, 483; fish and
beans denied, ib.; shaved their bo-
dies every third day, ib.; wore gar-
ments of linen, and shoes of byblus,
ib.; washed four times in 24 hours,
ib.

Proconnesus, island of, 228.
Propontis, 24.
Prosopitis, 383.

Protesilaus, sepulchre of, 127.
Proteus, his temenus at Memphis, 359,
459.

Psammitichus, erected southern pro-
pylaea of temple of Hephaestus and
court for Apis, 389.
Psylli, extinct nation of, 548.
Psyttalea, isle of, 110.
Pteria, 240.

Pthah, the creative power, Aegyptian
representation of, 447; identified
with Hephaestus, and especially wor-
shipped at Memphis, 448.
Ptolemy, denied the possibility of cir-
cumnavigating Africa, 336.
Pylus, town of, 48.

Pyramids.described by Herodotus, iden-
tified with those of Gizeh, 390; ge-
neral description of their site and
relative position, ib.; recent ex-
plorations of Col. Howard Vyse and
Mr. Perring, 391; the Three Great
Pyramids, 393. See CHEOPS, CHE-
PHREN, MYCERINUS, ASYCHIS, etc.
Character of Herodotus's descrip-
tion of the pyramids, and reasons
for his various omissions, 415; state
of the pyramids at the time of his
visit, 416; his ignorance of the in-
teriors of the pyramids of Chephren
and Mycerinus, 417; origin of the
pyramids unknown, ib.; called by
the Aegyptians after Philition, and
therefore supposed to have been
built by the Hyksos, 418; recently
discovered to have been built prior

to the Hyksos, ib.; undoubtedly
erected as sepulchres, 420; inter-
esting discovery made by Dr. Lep-
sius relative to pyramidal construc-
tion, ib.; effect produced by the
pyramids upon the modern traveller,
ib.; other buildings, or mounds, si-
milar to the pyramids, 421.
Pyrgus, town of, 46.
Pythii, 51.
Pyrene, 174.
Pyretos, 144.

Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf, Herodotus's
account, 315; supposed to be nar-
rower than it really is, ib.; causes of
his error, ib.; more correct as to its
length, ib.

Rhampsinitus, erected western propy-
laea and two statues of Summer and
Winter, for the temple of Hephaes-
tus, 389.

Rhea, her five children, 463.
Rhegium, 177.

Rhenea, island of, 98.
Rhodes, island of, 96.
Rhodope, Mount, 123, 132.
Rhodopis, account of, 409, note.
Khoetium, 228.

Rome, singular omission of, 176.
Rhypes, town of, 45.

Sacae, the Persian name for Scythians,
157, 293; their costume, ib.; Amyr-
gian Sacae to be considered as a
Scythian tribe, conquered by Persia,
ib.; situated between the Oxus and
Jaxartes, ib.

Sagartii, 270; mode of fighting with
lassos, 298.

Sahara, desert of, 533, 558.
Sais, city of, 374; palace of Apries,
ib.; temple of Athene, ib.; splendid
propylaea built by Amasis, ib.; co-
lossi, obelisks, and andro-sphinxes,
ib.; huge rock-chamber, or mono-
lith, ib.; tombs of the Saite kings,
Apries, Amasis, etc. 375; tomb of
Osiris, ib.; circular lake, ib.; mo-
dern site of Sais identified with that
of Ssa, ib.

Saites, 383.

Saitic mouth of the Nile, 363.
Sala, 128.

Salamis, isle of, 109.
Salamis in Cyprus, 96.
Salmydessus, 127.
Salt hills, nations of, 559; Herodotus's
description probably referring to the
caravan route leading towards the
interior, 563.

Salt mine described by Herodotus,
561; identified with the mines of
Tegazah, 569.

Samos, island of, 101; the aqueduct,
ib.; the mole, ib.; the temple of
Hera and its curiosities, viz. the
great brazen mixing-vessel, ib.; two
wooden statues of Amasis, 102; pic-
ture of the Bosphorus bridge, ib.;
furniture of Polycrates, ib.; linen
corselet of Amasis, ib. ; brazen ves-
sel on a tripod, 103; description of
the city of Samos, ib.; curious festi-
val observed by the Samians, ib.;
flourishing condition of Samos under
Polycrates, 104; Samians in Libya,
ib.; artistic skill of the Samians,
ib.; their dialect, etc., 105.
Samothrace, island of, 107.
Sana, 118.
Sapaei, 129.

Sarangees, identified with the people of
Zarang, or Sehestan, 297; costume,
298.

Sardinia, or Sardo, island of, 92.
Sardis, capital of the Lydian empire,
229; royal highway to Susa, 330.
Sardo, or Sardinia, island of, 92.
Sarpedon, Cape, 132.
Sarta, 118.

Saspeires, in the valley of the Aras, 285.
Sataspes, voyage of, 20, 335, 557; his
failure no evidence against the Phoe-
nician circumnavigation of Africa,
344.

Sate, identified with Hera, 450.
Satrae, 129; the only independent
Thracians, 136; their oracle of Dio-
nysus, ib.

Satrapies, the twenty, revenue of, 202,
301; Herodotus's error whilst re-
ducing the Babylonian talent to the
Euboic standard, 302; attempts to
account for it, ib. ; error in the sum
total; perhaps included taxes paid in
kind, tolls, gifts, etc., 303; the mo-
ney and gold-dust melted down into
ingots, 304.

Sattagydae, 296; identified with the
Zhats, 297.

Sauromatae, occupying the country of
the Don Cossacks and part of Astra-

can, 181.
Scamander, river, 227.

Scapte Hyle, gold mine of, 132.

Sciathus, island of, 107.

Scidrus, 178.

Scione, 118.

Scios, river, 132.

Scironian Way, 57.

Scolopoeis, 233.

Scoloti, a general name for the Scy-
thians, 160.
Scolus, 69.
Scylace, 228.

Scylax of Caryanda, his great merit,
307, 308; singular coincidence be-

tween his report and that of Lieut.
Wood, 309.
Scyrmiadae, 127.
Scyros, island of, 98.

SCYTHIA, difficulties in Herodotus's de-
scription, 138; its identification with
southern Russia, Moldavia, and Wal-
lachia, ib.; face of the country, ib.;
Herodotus's description, ib.; form
and measurement of Scythia, ib. ;
its boundaries, 141; extent of our
author's personal knowledge, ib. ;
Olbia, the centre of his observations,
ib.; explanation of his statements
respecting his route along the coast,
142; explanation of his statements
respecting the route into the interior,
143; the four-sided shape of Scy-
thia explained, ib.; Scythian rivers,
144; boundaries of Scythia on the
modern map, 150; Scythian nations,
151; history of Scythia, 154; an-
ciently occupied by Cimmerians, ib. ;
Scythian invasion, 155; sepulchre of
the Cimmerian kings, ib.; Scythian
pursuit of the Cimmerians, ib.; Cim-
merians in Asia Minor, ib.; Scythi-
ans masters of Upper Asia, 156;
plunder the temple of Aphrodite at
Askalon, ib.; return to Scythia, 157;
proofs of the ancient occupation of
Scythia by the Cimmerians, ib.;
climate of Scythia, ib. ; eight months
of the year winter, during which the
sea freezes, ib.; four months of cold
summer, constant rains and violent
thunder-storms, 158; effects of cold
on the horses and cattle, ib.; Scy-
thian story of the air filled with
feathers, ib.; natural productions of
Scythia; grass, hemp, wheat, onions,
garlic, lentils, millet, ib.; cranes, ib.;
swine, ib.; national mythus of Tar-
gitaus, and his three sons, Lipoxais,
Arpoxais, and Coloxais, ib.; the
Auchatae, Catiari, and Traspies,
160; general name of Scoloti, ib.;
Greek mythus of the three sons of
Heracles, and the serpent maiden
Echidna, 161; ignorance of the na-
tions on the Euxine, ib.; wise device
of the Scythians against invasion, ib. ;
their houses carried with them, ib.;
Scythian deities; Hestia, Zeus, Ge,
Apollo, Aphrodite, Heraclea, and
Ares, 162; Poseidon, ib.; mode of
sacrifice, ib.; enormous piles of fag-
gots sacred to Ares, 163; human sa-
crifices, ib.; enemies' heads pre-
sented to the king, 164; mode of
preparing the skulls and other tro-
phies, ib.; soothsayers and manner
of divining, 165; ceremonies at the
illness of a king, ib.; manner of