and Arambys. Thence we came to the great river Lixus, [or Morocco,] which flows from Libya. On its banks the Lixitæ, a shepherd tribe, were feeding flocks, amongst whom we continued some time on friendly terms. Beyond the Lixitae dwelt the inhospitable Aethiopians, who pasture a wild country intersected by large mountains, from which they say the river Lixus flows. In the neighbourhood of the mountains lived the Troglodytae, men of various appearances, whom the Lixitae described as swifter in running than horses.
Having procured interpreters from them we coasted along a desert country towards the south two days. Thence we proceeded towards the east the course of a day. Here we found in a recess of a certain bay a small island, containing a circle of five stadia, where we settled a colony, and called it Cerne, [probably at the spot now called Arguin or Ghir]. We judged from our voyage that this place lay in a direct line with Carthage; for the length of our voyage from Carthage to the Pillars was equal to that from the Pillars to Cerne.
We then came to a lake which we reached by sailing up a large river called Chretes, [which appears to have been the river of St. John, about sixty miles to the south of Arguin]. This lake had three islands, larger than Cerne; from which proceeding a day's sail, we came to the extremity of the lake, that was overhung by large mountains, inhabited by savage men, clothed in skins of wild beasts, who drove us away by throwing stones, and hindered us from landing. Sailing thence we came to another river, [the Senegal,] that was large and broad, and full of crocodiles and river-horses; whence returning back we came again to Cerne.
Thence we sailed towards the south twelve days, coasting the shore, the whole of which is inhabited by Aethiopians, who would not wait our approach, but fled from us. Their language was not intelligible even to the Lixitae, who were with us. Towards the last day we approached some large mountains covered with trees, the wood of which was sweet-scented and variegated. Having sailed by these mountains for two days, we came to an immense opening of the sea, [probably the mouth of the Gambia]; on each side of which, towards the continent, was a plain; from which we saw by night fire arising at intervals in all directions, either more or less.
Having taken in water there, we sailed forwards five days near the land, until we came to a large bay, which our interpreters informed us was called the Western Horn, [now called the Gulf of Bissago]. In this was a large island, and in the island a saltwater lake, and in this another island, where, when we had landed,
we could discover nothing in the day-time except trees; but in the night we saw many fires burning, and heard the sound of pipes, cymbals, drums, and confused shouts. We were then afraid, and our diviners ordered us to abandon the island. Sailing quickly away thence, we passed a country burning with fires and perfumes; and streams of fire supplied from it fell into the sea. The country was impassable on account of the heat. We sailed quickly thence, being much terrified; and passing on for four days, we discovered at night a country full of fire. In the middle was a lofty fire larger than the rest, which seemed to touch the stars. When day came we discovered it to be a large hill called the Chariot of the Gods, [either Mount Sagres, or the Mountain of Lions which overhangs Sierra Leone]. On the third day after our departure thence, having sailed by those streams of fire, we arrived at a bay called the Southern Horn, [or Sherbro' Sound]; at the bottom of which lay an island like the former, having a lake, and in this lake another island, full of savage people, the greater part of whom were women, whose bodies were hairy, and whom our interpreters called Gorilla. Though we pursued the men we could not seize any of them; but all fled from us, escaping over the precipices, and defending themselves with stones. Three women were however taken; but they attacked their conductors with their teeth and hands, and could not be prevailed upon to accompany us. Having killed them, we flayed them, and brought their skins with us to Carthage. We did not sail farther on, our provisions failing us.
Abyssinia, or Habesch, 517. Acanthus, 131.
ACARNANIA, 84.
Aces, river, remarkable plain contain- ing the sources of, 292; confounded by Herodotus with the Helmund and Oxus, ib.
Achaeans, their origin not mentioned by Herodotus, 33. Achaeans of Pthiotis, 86.
ACHAIA, general description, 44; He- rodotus's account, ib.; topography, ib.
Achelous, river, 84.
Achaemenidae, 270.
Acheron, river, 88.
Achilleium, 227.
Achilles, course of, 154. Acraephia, 69.
Acropolis at Athens, 63; contained the
sanctuary of Aglaurus, ancient wood- en hedge and Pelasgic wall, ib.; tem- ple of Erectheus, the Serpent, the salt Spring, the sacred Olive, trophies in the Propylaea, 64.
Acrothoon, 118.
Acte Trachea, 127. Adramyttium, 227.
Adrastus, shrine of, 43. Adriatic Sea, 25.
Adyrmachidae, who followed Aegyp- tian customs, but were otherwise filthy and slavish, 514. Aeacus, temple of, at Athens, 62. Aega, 118.
Aegae, 44.
Aegaeae, 216.
Aegaleos, Mount, 66. Aegean, isles of, 97.
Aegialeis, or coast men," 41. Aegialeis, Pelasgian, 219. Aegidae, 53.
Aegilia, 108.
Aegina, island of, 110.
Aegira, 44.
Aegiroessa, 216.
Aegium, town of, 45.
Aeglae, probably the Ghiljies, 296. Aegospotami, 132.
AEGYPT, general description of, 350; Herodotus's account, 351; situation and boundaries of the country, ib.; supposed to be a gift of the Nile, 352; Lower Aegypt said by the priests to have been anciently a bay, corresponding to the Arabian Gulf, ib.; three facts in favour of the hy- pothesis, ib.; Ionian theory, 354; theory of Herodotus, 355; voyage of Herodotus up the Nile, by Helio- polis and Thebes to Elephantine on the southern frontier of Aegypt, ib. Aegypt, north of Heliopolis, (i. e. the Delta,) a broad flat, 356.
Aegypt, south of Heliopolis, a narrow valley between the Arabian and Li- byan mountains, 356; extent of the voyage, ib.; error in Herodotus's calculation of the number of stadia, ib.; Herodotus's personal know- ledge bounded on the south by Ele- phantine, 357; divisions of Aegypt not distinctly laid down by Herodo- tus, 364; supposed by him to have included Lower Aegypt, or the Delta, and Upper Aegypt, or Heptanomis and Thebais, 365; geology of Aegypt, 397, note; population of, 489; ani- mals of, considered sacred, 502; cats, 503; dogs, 504; ichneumons, ib.; field-mice, ib.; hawks, 505; bears, ib.; the ibis, ib.; bulls, 506; cows, ib.; crocodiles, 508; tro- chilus, 509; hippopotamus, 510; otters, ib.; lepidotus, ib.; eel, ib.; fox-goose, ib.; phoenix, 511; horn- ed serpents, 512; fish, strange ac- count of their generation, ib.; mus- quitoes, ib.
Aegypt, Lower, general description of, 367; topography of, 371; nomes of, 383.
Aegypt, Upper, description of, 386. Aegyptian mythology, its effect upon Herodotus, 438; his initiation in the mysteries, ib.; his religious reserve,
castes in India, according to Megas- thenes, ib.; the seven Aegyptian castes, according to Herodotus, 482; the Priests or piromis, ib.; the Sol- diers, 483; the Herdsmen, 485; the Swineherds, 486; the Traders, ib.; the Interpreters, ib.; the Steersmen, 487. Aegyptians, manners and customs of, 480; physical characteristics of 487; Herodotus's memoranda of the contrasts between their customs and those of other nations, 489; their food, 492; carried round the image of a corpse at drinking parties, 494; preserved an ancient dirge called Maneros, ib.; manner of mourning, 495; embalming, 496; art of medicine, 498; geometry, 499; their modes of writing, ib.; ship- building, 501; feticism, 502; main- tenance of animals, 503; established mode of sacrifice, 507. Aenea, 119. Aenira, 107. Aenus, 126, 128.
ib.; traces the deities of Greece to an Aegyptian origin, ib.; effect pro- duced on the modern student, ib.; religious conceptions of the Aegyp- tians themselves, dependent upon the spiritual and mental state of the worshipper, 439; modern ideas of Aegyptian deities dependent upon the student's own state of religious culture, ib.; identification of Ae- gyptian conceptions with revealed truths, contradicted by the idolatry and conduct of the people, ib.; va- luable character of Herodotus's in- formation, 440; Aegyptians the most pious of mankind, and the first who instituted the forms and ceremonies of religious worship, 441; astrology, ib.; prodigies, ib.; omens, ib.; di- vination, ib.; oracles held in the highest veneration, 412; Aegyptian deities divided by Herodotus into three classes, viz. the eight great gods, the twelve gods, and the gods sprung from the twelve, ib.; no heroes wor- shipped, ib.; chronology of the gods, ib.; explanation of the triple divi- sion, 443; primeval belief in one great God, ib.; 1st Class of gods- deified attributes, ib.; 2nd Class-Aeolidae, 80. lower emanations, ib.; 3rd Class- physical objects, abstract ideas, etc., ib.; identification of the eight prim- ary gods with Egyptian deities, 444; confusion between the second and third class deities, 453; miscellane- ous divinities mentioned by Herodo- tus, 454; Osiris, Isis, Horus, and the calf Apis, 461.
Aegyptian architecture, its religious character contrasted with the aes- thetic architecture of Greece, ib.; plan of an Aegyptian temple, 368; approached by an avenue of sphinxes, ib.; colossi and obelisks before the grand entrance, ib. ; interior, con- sisting of an open court, a portico, an hypostile hall, and a holy recess, ib.; frequent multiplication of the entrances, courts, porticoes, and halls, both in front and on each side of the holy recess, ib.; names and descriptions of the several parts, 369; the sacred enclosure, or ieron, 370; the avenue, or dromos, ib.; the en- trance, or propylaea, ib.; the open court behind the propylaea, ib.; the portico, or pronaos, ib.; the second pronaos, or hypostile hall, ib.; the proper temple, or naos, 371; cham- bers, galleries, and passages, for the use of the priests, ib.
Aegyptian castes, 481; two castes omitted by Diodorus, ib.; seven
Aeolians, to be considered as Pelas- gians, 33; their eleven cities on the continent, and seven on the islands, 216; inhabited Ilium, 228.
Aeschrionian tribe of Samians occupy- ing the city Oasis, 560. Aeschylus, his geographical know- ledge, 8.
AETHIOPIA, Asiatic, its inhabitants con- trasted with the Aethiopians of Li- bya, 299; strange head-dress, ib.; country identified with Gedrosia, or Beloochistan, ib.
Aethiopia, general description of, 515; Aethiopia of Herodotus, its wide signification, 521; his description of the land and people, ib. ; Arab races in Aethiopia, 522; three Aethiopian nations mentioned by Herodotus, viz. Aethiopians above Aegypt, ib.; Automoli, 524; Macrobians, 526. Aethiopians above Aegypt, 522; wor- ship of Dionysus, and sacred city of Nysa, ib.; nomades, ib.; Ichthy- ophagi, 523; Troglodytae, ib.; con- quests of Cambyses, ib.; costume and equipment of the Aethiopians in the army of Xerxes, ib.; city of Me- roe, 524; worship of Zeus and Dio- nysus, ib.
AETOLIA, scattered potices of, 84. Aetolians of Elis, 45. AFRICA, imperfect state of its geography, 335; considered by Herodotus to be surrounded by water, excepting at the Isthmus of Suez, ib.; story of its circumnavigation by Phoenicians, ib.; voyage of Sataspes, ib.; possi-
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