less acquainted with the coast of Phoenicia; for that which is only a matter of conjecture at the beginning of his work, is afterwards confirmed, namely, his actual residence at Tyre, to which place he had sailed, in order to solve the historical problem, "Whether the Heracles there worshipped was a god of very great antiquity, and a distinct personage from the Heracles who once lived among men,

and was honoured as a deified hero in Greece." At that time he had already been in Aegypt, since it was there that the problem was presented to him; and it is very probable that, after having obtained sufficient acquaintance with the memorable events of his father-land, he embarked at one of the ports of Greece, perhaps Athens or Corinth, for Aegypt, from whence he afterwards sailed to Phoenicia. What Herodotus has done for Aegypt has been already exhibited in the body of the present work; it is sufficient to mention here, that he made the long journey from Memphis to Thebes and Heliopolis, and that he stayed for some time in the south at Elephantine, and employed himself in diligent inquiries concerning the countries farther onward. It may be clearly inferred that he did not himself visit the Aethiopians who dwelt directly south of Elephantine, nor the inhabitants at a greater distance; but he made himself acquainted with every important object and place within his reach, not only with pyramids, obelisks, and the amazing labyrinth, but also with cities whose splendour was of more recent date, such as Sais, where, since the time of Psammitichus, stood a noble royal castle. He also explored the Delta in every direction, and he surveyed the battle-field near the Pelusiac mouth, where the Aegyptians surrendered their independence to the Persians; and the more recent one at Papremis, where the still fresh skulls of the slain bore witness to the second effort made by the nation to recover its ancient independence. Beyond the boundaries of Aegypt he also made discoveries right and left. On the Arabian side he visited the city of Buto,10 on the Sebennytic mouth of the Nile, and saw the floating island, which, however, at that time, declined either to float or move." Having heard that there were winged serpents in the neighbourhood, he went to examine the phenomena, and was so far gratified as to see their bones and spines in vast heaps.12 He probably penetrated no farther into the interior of Arabia, for he knew the length of the mountain chain only by hearsay.13 On the west it is almost certain that he never visited Carthage, but he assuredly went to Cyrene,

and probably by sea,1 though we find no farther traces of his footsteps in Libya, excepting in the country immediately to the west of Lower Aegypt, which submitted to Cambyses. We must now transport him from the Aegyptian Delta to Tyre, from whence he might also have travelled into Palaestine, as he considered that the inhabitants of the latter place had learnt the practice of circumcision from the Aegyptians, and found there some columns raised by Sesostris, and also appears to have visited Cadytis, (or Gaza.) which many geographers erroneously identify with Jerusalem. He certainly penetrated into the interior of Asia, but it is impossible to determine how he prosecuted his travels. He however was accurately acquainted with the royal high-road which led from Ephesus by Sardis to Susa.5 He saw the Euphrates and the Tigris, and visited Babylon in its reduced splendour.6 He likewise compared the city of Ecbatana with Athens; but this he must have done from some caravanserai description, as it is almost impossible he should have visited the city itself. That he visited Susa, the residence of the kings of Persia, may be taken for granted, as he says that the so-called Indian ants were preserved in the royal palace;8 and it is clearly seen that he reached Arderica near Susa, where the captive Eretrians from Euboea had been settled by Darius Hystaspes. In conclusion, it is hardly necessary to observe that Herodotus did not extend his travels into India, nor even into Aria, Bactria, or Gedrosia, or otherwise he would have done greater justice to the actual extent and size of Asia, and have spoken less vaguely of the Persian Gulf and the river Araxes. 10

APPENDIX II.

TABLE OF HERODOTEAN WEIGHTS, MONEY, DRY AND LIQUID MEASURES, AND MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH.

The gold Stater of Croesus and the gold Daricus are each supposed to be worth about 20 Attic silver drachmæ, or 16s. 3d.

Herodotus makes the Babylonian Talent equal to 70 Euboic minæ, but Hussey calculates its weight at 71 lbs. 1 oz. 69.45 grs. If however either of these are reckoned by comparison with our gold money, they would be worth much

Hesychius considers the Aryster to be the same as the Cotyla, which Hussey

APPENDIX III.

GENERAL JOCHMUS'S IDENTIFICATION OF THE ROUTE TAKEN BY DARIUS FROM THE BOSPHORUS TO THE DANUBE.

LIEUT.-GEN. JOCHMUS, in his notes on a journey to the Balkan from Constantinople, read before the Royal Geographical Society, Nov. 28th and Dec. 12th, 1853, has been able to identify many of the localities where Darius halted with his army.

At Bunarhissar, near the Little Balkan, the General unsuccessfully searched for the ancient inscription mentioned by Herodotus,' and which Abdallah Aga described to him as being "in ancient Syrian or Assyrian," and which he maintained having seen in the Tekeh every day during the eight years he passed there as dervish. The General, however, was more fortunate in finding the clear streams of the Tearus near Bunarhissar, and also identified the river Artiscus with that now named Teké, near the new Bulgarian colony of Dewlet Agateh, in the former territory of the Odryssae. The result of the General's investigations respecting the route taken by Darius may be summed up as follows. Darius crossed the Bosphorus on a bridge of boats, connecting the two continents, at the site of the present new castles of Asia and Europe, encamped successively at the sources of the Tearus, (Bunarhissar,) and on the banks of the Teké, or Artiscus, (at Dewlet Agateh,) and following the direction of Burgas and Achioly, and subjecting the sea-towns, he passed the Balkan by the defiles parallel to the sea-coast from Mesioria to Jowan Dervish, moving from south to north, by the same roads which were chosen by Generals Roth and Rudiger, and by Marshal Diebitsch, who proceeded from north to south in 1829. The Russians also in 1828, and Darius about 2300 years before them, passed the Danube at that part of the river where it begins to branch, that is, near the modern Issatscha.

iv. 91.

APPENDIX IV.

THE VOYAGE OF HANNO,

COMMANDER OF THE CARTHAGINIANS, ROUND THE PARTS OF LIBYA WHICH LIE BEYOND THE PILLARS OF HERACLES, WHICH HE DEPOSITED IN THE TEMPLE OF CRONOS.1

It was decreed by the Carthaginians that Hanno should undertake a voyage beyond the Pillars of Heracles, and found Libyphoenician cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty oars each, and a body of men and women to the number of thirty thousand, and provisions and other necessaries.

When we had passed the Pillars on our voyage, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium, [and which was probably situated near Marmora, and between El Haratch and Marmora]. Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence towards the west, we came to Soloeis, [or Cape Cantin,] a promontory of Libya, a place thickly covered with trees, where we erected a temple to Poseidon; and again proceeded for the space of half a day towards the east, until we arrived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and a great number of other wild beasts, were feeding.

Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, and Gytte, and Acra, and Melitta,

The accompanying translation of the Periplus of Hanno is by Mr. Falconer of C. C. Coll. Oxford. An edition of the Greek text, together with the English translation, were published by Falconer in 1797 as a separate work, and two dissertations were added; the first being explanatory of its contents, whilst the second was a repetition of Dodwell's reflections on its authenticity. It is inserted here merely as an illustration of the circumnavigation of Africa by the Phoenicians described in Africa, chap. 1. Herodotus was evidently unacquainted with this document, and it is therefore considered better to make no comments beyond the insertion of a few modern names as a guide to the general reader. In these identifications Rennell has been generally followed. Gosselin, in his Recherches sur la Geographie des Anciens, so shortens the voyage as to make Cape Nun, in 28° N. lat., the boundary of the more distant navigation, but, for reasons which need not be explained, we cannot adopt his views.