But ASIA. toms. 3sistance to neighbouring states in the time of Herodotus. when Lycus, son of Pandion, was driven from CHAP. II. Athens by his brother Aegeus and settled in the same country, these Termilae obtained the name of Lycians. Their customs were partly Cretan and Their cuspartly Carian, but they had one peculiarity: they took their name not from their fathers, but from their mothers, and always traced their ancestry through the female line;' the children of a free-born woman by a slave were therefore considered to be of pure birth, but those of a citizen, even of high rank, by a foreign wife or a concubine, were regarded as illegitimate. The Lycians fought Harpagus with very Heroic reinferior numbers and displayed the utmost valour. Being defeated in the plain of Xanthus and driven within their city, they collected their wives, children, property, and slaves in the acropolis, and burnt the whole to the ground; and then binding themselves by the strongest oaths, they all sallied out and fought until they fell. None survived, and those of the later Lycians who were said to be citizens of Xanthus, were all strangers, with the exception of eighty families who happened at that time to be absent from the city. The priestess Oracle at who uttered the oracles at Patara was similar to the priestesses in the temple of Belus at Babylon, and the temple of Zeus in Thebes; she was obliged to lead a life of celibacy, but was shut up in the sanctuary all night whenever the god was there. The town of Phaselis in Lycia was inhabited by Dorians, Phaselis. and possessed a share in the Naucratian Hellenium." The Lycians supplied fifty ships to Xerxes. They wore breastplates and greaves, and used bows of Lycian cos 5 6 1 Probably, like the Nairs on the Malabar coast, they considered that though a man might be sometimes doubtful as to who was his father, yet he could generally be certain as to who was his mother. 2 i. 173. 3 The Lycians had been sufficiently powerful to defy the power of Croesus, who was unable to reduce them to submission. i. 28. 4 i. 176. 5 During the night she was supposed to receive the prophecy which she was to utter next day. Patara. tume. 6 i. 182. 7 ii. 178. Q ASIA. dog-wood, (the cornelian cherry,) and cane arrows CHAP. II. without feathers, and javelins. They also had goat-skins hanging over their shoulders, caps encircled with feathers on their heads, and daggers and falchions.' Milyans. Pamphylians. II. MYSIA and LYDIA. Mysians, also named Olympieni. Extent of of tus. The MILYANS were the ancient inhabitants of Lycia, but were driven into the interior by the Termilae, afterwards called Lycians, from Crete. In the army of Xerxes they carried short spears, and their garments were fastened by clasps; some also carried Lycian bows, and wore helmets of tanned hides on their heads.3 The PAMPHYLIANS are but little mentioned: they furnished Xerxes with thirty ships, and were equipped in Hellenic armour. They were descendants of the mixed multitude1 who returned from Troy under Amphilochus and Calchas. Artemisia said that as allies to Xerxes they were good for nothing-bad slaves to a good master." II. MYSIA and LYDIA were comprised in the second satrapy, which thus included the Mysians, Lydians, Lasonians, Cabalians, and Hygennians. It paid a tribute of five hundred talents." 8 The MYSIANS were colonists from the Lydians, and were also named Olympieni from the mountain of Olympus, called the Mysian Olympus. Their origin was doubtless the same as both that of the Lydians and the Carians, as they observed the same religious rites. Their principal pursuit appears to have been agriculture. Their equipment consisted of helmets peculiar to their country, small shields, and javelins hardened by fire." It is difficult to define the limits of the territory the Mysia. held by the Mysians of this second satrapy. The maritime districts of the province subsequently called Mysia were not included, for the western coast was occupied by the Aeolians of the first satrapy, ASIA. and that on the north and north-west, by the Hellespontines of the third. The Mysia of Herodotus how- CHAP. II. ever evidently extended much farther to the northeast than the later Mysia, for we find the city of Cius of Bithynia called a Mysian town.' 2 5 3 of Mysia. cus. Canae. In describing the country we shall proceed from Topography south to north. Not far from Lydia, the river Cai- River Caicus' (now called the Akson or Bakir) flowed through the plain, called the plain of Caicus, which belonged to the Mysians. On the left or western side was Mount Mount Canae, now called Cape Coloni. Next came Atarneus, which was situated opposite Lesbos, and Atarneus. was given to the Chians in return for their delivering up Pactyes; and for a long time afterwards, the Chians would not offer to the gods any barley-meal from this town, nor would they bake any sacrificial cakes from the fruit which came from thence, nor admit any of the productions of that country into their temples. In the district of Atarneus was the town of Malene, where Histiaeus was taken prisoner by Malene. the Persians. Next followed the cities of Carina; Carina. Adramyttium; Thebes, with the Theban plain; AdramytAntandrus, which was a Pelasgian city,' and belonged Thebes. to the territory of Troas; and Lamponium. Then Antandrus. came Cape Lectos, and the river Scamander, (now Cape called Bunarbashi,) and Cape Segeium. It was to River ScaSegeium that the Peisistratidae retired after being mander. driven out of Athens by Cleomenes; 10 and here um. there was a temple of Athene, in which were hung up the arms of Alcaeus the poet." In the neighbourhood was the city of Achilleïum."2 Xerxes on leaving Antandrus had entered the territory of Ilium, keeping Mount Ida on the left.13 On reaching the river Scamander, which was the only stream after leaving Sardis whose waters were exhausted by the Persian army, Xerxes went to see the Pergamus of 1 v. 122. 9 8 tium. Lamponium Lectos. Cape Segei 13 Herodotus here seems to make a mistake. Mount Ida must have been on the right of the route taken by Xerxes. ASIA. CHAP. II. Ilium inha Aeolians thes. Ophrynei um. Abydos. 5 Priam,' and there sacrificed a thousand oxen to the Athene of Ilium, whilst the Magi poured out libations in honour of the heroes.2 The Ilia nterribited by the tory was inhabited by the Aeolians, among whom and Gergi- were the Gergithes, who were regarded as a remnant of the ancient Teucrians.3 The districts around Ilium and Teuthrania were considered by Herodotus to have been formerly a bay of the sea. Further on were the Gergithes on the right, and on the left were Rhoctium. the cities of Rhoetium; Ophryneium; Dardanus, which bordered on Abydos; the city of Abydos, Dardanus. from whence, on a lofty throne of white marble at the summit of a hill, Xerxes reviewed his entire army and fleet on the neighbouring plains and shores; Percote; Lampsacus; Paesus; Parium;7 Placia and Scylace, both of which were built by the Pelasgians, who subsequently preserved their dialect; and Dascyleium, which had a district bearing the same name, and which passed for a Bithynian city, only Herodotus calls Cius a Mysian town, and the latter lay still more to the eastward.10 Two Islands of islands are also mentioned: Cyzicus, which contained Proconne- the city of Artace, and where was celebrated a great festival to the mother of the gods, which Anacharsis vowed he would introduce into Scythia; " and Proconnesus, which was the native place of Aristeas, the author of the Arimaspea."2 The towns of Artace and Proconnesus were both destroyed by the Persians.13 Percote. Lampsacus. Paesus. Parium. Placia. Scylace. Cius. Cyzicus and sus. Lydians, their anci 6 9 11 The LYDIANS apparently occupied all the later proent empire. vince of Lydia, excepting the maritime district held by the Ionians of the first satrapy. In the time of Croesus, they were the most valiant and warlike people in Asia. They were armed with long jave 1 This was the name of the citadel of Troy. Herodotus adds “of Priam" to distinguish it from Pergamus on the Caicus, with which however, singularly enough, Bobrik confuses it. 6 vii. 44. 3 v. 122. 4 ii. 10. 8 i. 57. 2 vii. 43. 5 vii. 43. iii. 120. We also learn from the testimony of Xenophon, that the western portion of Bithynia was attached to that of Mysia, whose satraps took up their habitual residence in the Bithynian town of Dascyleium. Xenoph. Anab. quoted by Heeren. 10 v. 122. 11 iv. 76. 12 iv. 13, 14. 13 vi. 33. 3 ASIA. capital. lus and lins, and fought on horseback, managing their horses with admirable skill.' They thus became the rul- CHAP. II. ing power in western Asia, and subdued all the nations westward of the river Halys, except the Lycians and Cilicians. The empire of Croesus therefore included the Lydians, Phrygians, Mysians, Mariandynians, Chalybes, Paphlagonians, Thynian and Bithynian Thracians, Carians, Ionians, Dorians, Aeolians, and Pamphylians.2 Sardis the capital was Sardis the situated in a large but naked plain, watered by several rivers. Amongst others, the Hyllus (or modern River HylDemirgi-chai) flowed through it into the Hermus, (or Hermus. modern Ghiediz-chai,) which was the largest river of this country, and flowed from a mountain, (the modern Morad Tagh,) sacred to the mother Dindymene, and discharged itself into the sea near Phocae. The acropolis of Sardis was very steep and inaccessible on the side which faced Mount Tmolus, (or Musa Tagh,) but was nevertheless scaled at this part by Hyroeades, a Mardian in the army of Cyrus, when the walls at every other point were impregnable.* Most of the houses were built entirely of reeds or canes; others with brick walls were also thatched over with reeds. At the time of the Ionian revolt, a soldier set fire to one of these houses, and the flames quickly spread from house to house, and consumed the entire city. Even the temple of the national goddess Cybele fell in the general conflagration, and the Persians subsequently burnt the sanctuaries of Greece in revenge for this destruction. Through the centre of the agora or market-place flowed the river Pactolus, (or Sarabat,) bringing grains of gold from Mount Tmolus, and subsequently discharging itself into the Hermus. Sardis and Ephesus appear to have been the principal markets of the country, especially for the sale of eunuchs, who were more valued than other slaves on account of their extreme fidelity." 1 i. 79. 6 8 viii. 105. With the exception of a few black tents of Yuruks, or wandering Turkomans, the only habitation described by travellers as ex |