In the same chapter the curious may find many other appellations for the exercise of the voice, and what relates to articulation and delivery.

The qualities of the voice here enumerated chiefly relate to its exercise in speaking. The singing voice resembles it in many respects, but is not here the object of research. The three principal descriptions, however, of the singing voice, as nearly related to the speaking voice, may be mentioned. The voce di petto, which proceeds from the breast, is the voice of the finest quality. The voce di testa, proceeding chiefly from the head, of an inferior character; and the falsetto, or feigned voice; this last, if it enter at all into public speaking, is very disagreeable. The reader is referred for the qualities and management of the singing voice, to the very ingenious work—“ An Introduction to the Art of Sol-fa-ing and Singing," by J. Jousse, London, Goulding and Co.

No. II.

THE account of the Phonasci, by Cresollius, which is very curious, being too long to insert in a note, I have reserved it for this place and also some precepts of Curius Fortunatianus relative to the voice. As the books of these authors are rare, the following extracts will not be unacceptable to the reader.

Ludovici Cresollii Vacationes Autumales, Chapter xi, p. 516.

De Voce tuenda.

Speaking of things injurious to the voice, he mentions figs, apples, pears, and nuts; Suetonius says of Nero,-abstinere pomis cibisque (voci) officientibus solebat. (Suet. in Neron. c. 20.) Athenæus says, Hegesianax retained a fine voice by abstaining from figs. Thrasybulus, when corrupted by a bribe, said he had got a hoarseness (ravim) by eating wild pears, and did not speak in public. The Phonasci abstained from cold drinks (mulsum frigidum). Addo libidinem omnem voluptatis, non minus voci quam animæ labem et damnum inferre. Itaque scribit Aristoteles, lib. 7. de animal. Cantores abstinere solitos a veneris obscenitate, ut diutius, sine ulla mutatione vocem retinere possent suavem et canoram, quæ flagitio corrumperetur. (Revera compertum habemus vocem maxime rebus venereis affici. Pubescente enim ætate quando primum aptus est adolescens ad has voluptates aggrediendas vox frangitur. Eunuchi vero vocis puerilis suavitatem et exilitatem usque ad vitæ finem retinent.) Et Calvus Orator plumbeas laminas de nocte adhibebat corpori, ad cobibendos libidinum sensus, et ludificationes, quæ in somno contingerent, quo vegetior deinde laborem studiorum et dicendi contentionem sustineret.Vinolentia-drinking to excess is injurious, the voice being more easily broken by the repletion of the vessels. Speakers should guard against cold; and not devote themselves to severe study. Portius Latro is spoken of by Seneca, (pref. 1. 1. cont.) as careless of his health and voice in this respect. Sæpe cum per totam lucubraverat noctem, ab ipso cibo, statim ad declamandum perveniebat. It is bad for the voice to speak immediately after a full meal,

P. 519. Medici rerum aiunt esse duo genera quæ vocis claritatem augere possint, suavitatemque efficere. Quædam enim arterias et pulmonis asperitatem leniunt, ut pruna dulcia, cremor hordei, succus amygdalarum dulcium, semen malvæ, viola, glycerhiza, mel coctum, saccharum. Quædam vero non leniendo, sed detergendo et extenuando vitia pectoris et pulmonis tollunt, uva passa, ficus, hyssopus, satureia, thymus, cepa, porrum, allium. De porro quidem et allio, magnus naturæ mystes consentit, ea enim quod extergendi vim habeant, ait, pès iv Qoríar ovμQépei, canoram vocem efficere, (Arist. sect. xi. prob.) Adeoque nobilitavit Nero princeps stulta et ignobili sua diligentia, de qua Plinius (1. xix. c. 6.) in hunc modum: Porro sectivo nuper auctoritatem dedit princeps Nero, vocis gratia ex oleo, statis omnium mensium diebus, nihilque aliud, ac ne pane quidem vescendo. Et alio

loco Plinius (I. xx. c. 6.) porrum voci splendorem afferre dicit. Eandem etiam vim portulacæ tribuit. De leguminibus idem putat Sanctus Isodorus (2 de divin. Offic.) Psallentes, inquit, legumine in causa vocis assidue utebantur: unde et cantores apud Gentiles fabarii dicti sunt. (Rabau. de instit. cler. l. ii. c. 48.) Ovorum quoque lutea prosunt faucium scabritiæ, ait Beroaldus ad Suetonium (in Nerone.) Clearchus item poeta candidum congrum et viscidos omnes pisces alere spiritus aiebat et efficere rò povápior weçicagyor, celeriorem et expeditam magis vocem. Itaque Fortunatiani Rhetoris considerata illa est et audienda monitio, firmam efficit vocem et suavem, observantia cibi potus et veneris continentia. E baccis commendatur maxime in eam rem, carpesium (cubebs), de quo Hermolaus Barbarus ita memorat, Carpesium, si ore contineatur, claram vocem facit pronunciantibus ob id Bernardus Justinianus homo imprimis doctus et eloquens nunquam sine hoc semine concionabatur. (Hermol. Bar. c. 4. Coroll. in Dioscorid.)

The ancients had some kind of drink which they called plasma (gargle) for assisting the voice.

liquido cum plasmate guttur

Cresollius cannot conjecture what this drink was composed of. Martial seems to speak of it as merely warm water.

At tu multa diu dicis, vitreisque tepentem

Ampullis potas semisupinus aquam.

Cresollius supposes that it was wine, not plain, but mixed with water and medicated (mulled wine), which St. Jerome and Pope Gregory complained that the singers used too freely, before they went in to perform the service of the church.

Deo non voce, sed corde cantandum.

Hieron.

Dum blanda vox quæritur, quæri congrua vita negligitur.Greg.

The drink was however supposed to have a good effect on the voice: hence these monkish lines,

Non vox,
sed votum; non chorda musica, sed cor,
Non clamans, sed amans, cantat in aure Dei.

Two complaints of the throat affecting the voice are mentioned by Galen: the one xów» Tovan, rendered lassitudinem intensivam, fatigue from over exertion or overstraining: the other xómo yoran, lassitudinem inflammatam (inflammation), cum ex partes plurimum ignis calorisque sentiunt ob recrementa circumfusa. Cum igitur hoc congerit, ait Galenus ́uti Phonascos solere cibis, qui ex lacte, amylo, alica ovis et rois ixpíos componuntur. Tà κρία exponunt quidam πρεμμάτια καὶ τραγήματα, hoc est placentulas et bellaria: addunt alii dià oroáμe nas péditos yevópera quæ ex sesamo et melle parantur. Others understand sweetmeats called marzepanes, (quasi massa panis). Galen advises, dulce vinum theræum aut sybelites bibere, light wines, a drink consisting of, lacte et melle diutius coctis, amylo injecto. Quintilian recommends, ambulatio, unctio, veneris abstinentia, facilis ciborum digestio, id est frugalitas. Beroaldus in Suet. alitur autem vox, si a lectulo statim corpus deambulando moveamus. He desires also, if the voice be fatigued (vexata) dormituris laser instillare. Exercise of walking is beneficial. But exercise of the voice itself most of all. Bona

vocis augentur cura, negligentia minuuntur. Quint. Reading aloud is a good exercise of the voice. Omnes qui vocis curam olim habuerunt foder Tè xai vnsers Tes mane et jejuni consuetam exercitationem capiebant. (Arist. xi. prob. 22 and 36.)

The mute exercise of the voice, he reckons another useful practice. This he explains by relating the story of the Roman magpie from Plutarch, already mentioned (note 15, chap. ii.). Marcus the Byzantine orator is said to have much practised this silent exercise of the voice. He told his friends that he practised energetic silence: own vegyy Xpãodai,

A celebrated actress in the preparation of her characters is said only to use this ́ silent meditation, and not to declaim aloud.

This practice may be used to great advantage for determining where the voice is to be raised or lowered, what inflections are to be used, and where the voice should be encreased or diminished in volume or body: so that a speaker, though he may not have time or opportunity to declaim aloud, may not be altogether unprepared for the proper management of his voice. But evidently improvement of the voice cannot be expected hence.

Dovaσxoi, Dovanтa, Phonasci, Vociferarii et Vocales, were the common appellations of those who taught the exercise and management of the voice. Tertullian calls them Edomatores vocis. Galen says they recommended to their disciples the frequent use of the warm bath. Cresollius mentions other practices of the Phonasci, some of which are curious, and some he considers useful. P. 557. Quanquam non omnia ut paulo ante aiebam, quæ ab illis exercitoribus fiebant, jam in usum revocanda esse putaverim. Adhibebant iwbräs μλéras et quotidianas, ut auctor est Aristoteles, quæ forte delicatæ nostræ adolescentiæ molestiores videantur: (very probably indeed!) laminam ad pectus admovebant, quam per me, licet orator abjiciat; stata tempora spatiandi habuerunt quæ religiose observarent, quæ omittere jam mihi nulla sit religio, abstinebant a certis cibis et dilectum genus potionis habuerunt, ea de re quid ego sentiam superiori jam capite exposui.

Quid igitur est quod sumendum ab illis mutuandumque existimem? Illas profecto ut Galeni verbis utar, xaλovμévas áraPornous, haud dubitem ad tempora hæc nostra et consuetudinem accommodare. Solebant enim sensim vocem et veluti per gradus attollere, mox deponere, tum molliendæ arteriæ causa et firmandæ, tum conciliandæ varietatis, ut nulla esset flexio, quam non commode, prout causa ratioque postulavisset, adhiberent. Id non modo usurpatum a Græcis, verum etiam et Latinis oratoribus, e Seneca patre, homine eruditissimo cognoscimus: qui de Porcio Latrone memorans, qui inusitatum eloquentiæ cursum et vitæ modum sequebatur, ait ipsum nil vocis causa facere solitum, Non illum per gradus paulatim ab imo usque ad summum perducere, non rursus a summa contentione paribus intervallis descendere, (Senec. Proem. Cont.) quod fuisse aliorum dicentium commune videtur. Id proprie doctoribus Græcis est παιωνίζειν, de quo sic Alexander Aphrodisieus Οἱ Φονασκοὶ δε παιονίζοντες προμαλακύνεσι τα αναπνευτικά, Phonasci pæanam citantes arterias præmolliunt. Ex eorum mente autor ad Herennium, arterias, ait, lædi, si antequam vox præmulsa est, acri clamore compleantur.

No. III.

Antiqui Rhetores Latini. Paris, 1599.

Curii Fortunatiani Consulti Artis Rhetor Scholicæ. Lib. iii.

De Pronuntiatione.

PRONUNTIATIONEM quid Tullius vocat? Actionem.-Ea quid præstat? Ut conciliemus, persuadeamus, moveamus.—His generaliter et naturaliter quid accidit? Delectatio.-Pronuntiatio quibus modis constat? Voce, vultu, gestu. His quid accidit? Cultus sive habitus. Vox quibus constat? Natura et scientia.-In natura vocis quid observabo ? Qualem vocem habeas.-Ea quibus constat ? Quantitate et qualitate.-In vocis scientia quid observabo? Quomodo ea utaris.-Bonitas vocis quibus constat? Claritate, firmitate, suavitate.-Claram qua res efficit? Anaphonesis.-Quid firmam, quid suavem? Observatio cibi et potus, et veneris continentia.-Hæc omnia quæ res præstat? Natura quæ augetur diligentia.-Quæ est diligentia et cura vocis? Triplex, alendi eam, custodiendi, restituendi.— Vox quomodo alitur? Si a lectulo statim corpus deambulando moveamus intra mille passus: quia si quid adhuc insidet indigestum, parva exercitatio per corpus deducit: nam nimia extenuat et fatigat.-Post ambulationem quid faciendum est? Statim ad studia nos conferamus: et priusquam scribere incipiamus, ut animus legendo calescat, legemus aliquid tacite, vel cum tenui murmure, tunc deinde scribemus, sed non clara voce ut quidam.-Post illud quid faciendum est? Ad curam vocis nos transferemus.--Quæ est hæc? Ut sedentes versus paucos pronuntiemus.-Quæ ratio est elocutionis, ea est et pronunciationis? Cur ita? Quoniam ut elocutio emendata esse debet, dilucida, ornata apta, ita et pronunciatio.-Quomodo erit emendata? Si vitio careat.—Quid dilucida? Ut sonus vocis medius sit, nec gravissimus, nec acutissimus.--Quid ornata? Ut virilis.--Quid apta? Ut monotoniam vites, id est ut varia utaris pronunciatione.-Id quemadmodum faciam? Pro qualitate rerum, id est negotiorum.-Rei observatio qualis est? Quadruplex, una in tota causa, ubi sunt et genera dicendi altera in partibus orationis: tertia in sensibus: quarta in verbis: nam pro qualitate horum omnium pronunciatio esse debet.-Huic distributioni quid accidit? Ut personarum etiam et locorum et temporum servemus qualitatem.-Apte principia quemadmodum pronuntiabo? Si qualitatem figurarum, id est schematum diligenter inspexeris: aliter enim in causa eudoxo et amphidoxo et adoxo et disparacolutho pronuntiandum est. Quid narrationem? Si omnes ejus partes consideravimus.-Quid partitionem? Expedite ac simpliciter.-Quid argumentationem? Varie, agiliter, acriter, pugnanter et instanter. -Quid sensus ? Si locos quoque communes lenta et gravi voce, deinde per gradus paulatim.' extollamus, ut quantum potest surgunt: tunc rursus per eosdem gradus eam paulatim revolverimus, donec sine damno ad murmur usque perveniat.- In exercitatione ista qui modus erit? Non amplius quingentorum versuum, quia plus vox laborat in lectione, quam in actione, si tamen angustia temporum toleret res pronunciantis.-Vox quomodo custo