The Blood Covenant

have been made, since the delivery of the Lectures; while other similar material is given in an Appendix.

From the very freshness of the subject itself, there was added difficulty in gathering the material for its illustration and exposition. So far as I could learn, no one had gone over the ground before me, in this particular line of research; hence the various items. essential to a fair statement of the case must be searched for through many diverse volumes of travel and of history and of archæological compilation, with only here and there an incidental disclosure in return. Yet, each new discovery opened the way for other discoveries beyond; and even after the Lectures, in their present form, were already in type, I gained many fresh facts, which I wish had been earlier available to me. Indeed, I may say that no portion of the volume is of more importance than the Appendix; where are added facts and reasonings bearing directly on well-nigh every main point of the original Lectures.

There is cause for just surprise that the chief facts of this entire subject have been so generally overlooked, in all the theological discussions, and in all the physio-sociological researches, of the earlier and the later times. Yet this only furnishes another illustration of the inevitably cramping influence of a preconceived fixed theory, to which all the ascertained facts must be conformed,-in any attempt at thorough

and impartial scientific investigation. It would seem to be because of such cramping, that no one of the modern students of myth and folk-lore, of primitive ideas and customs, and of man's origin and history, has brought into their true prominence, if indeed he has even noticed them in passing, the universally dominating primitive convictions: that the blood is the life; that the heart, as the blood-fountain, is the very soul of every personality; that blood-transfer is soul-transfer; that blood-sharing, human, or divine-human, secures an inter-union of natures; and that a union of the human nature with the divine is the highest ultimate attainment reached out after by the most primitive, as well as by the most enlightened, mind of humanity.

Certainly, the collation of facts comprised in this volume grew out of no pre-conceived theory on the part of its author. Whatever theory shows itself in their present arrangement, is simply that which the facts themselves have seemed to enforce and establish, in their consecutive disclosure.

I should have been glad to take much more time for the study of this theme, and for the re-arranging of its material, before its presentation to the public; but, with the pressure of other work upon me, the choice was between hurrying it out in its present shape, and postponing it indefinitely. All things considered, I chose the former alternative.

In the prosecution of my investigations, I acknowl-
edge kindly aid from Professor Dr. Georg Ebers,
Principal Sir William Muir, Dr. Yung Wing, Dean
E. T. Bartlett, Professors Doctors John P. Peters and
J. G. Lansing, the Rev. Dr. M. H. Bixby, Drs. D. G.
Brinton and Charles W. Dulles, the Rev. Messrs. R. M.
Luther and Chester Holcombe, and Mr. E. A. Barber;
in addition to constant and valuable assistance from Mr.
John T. Napier, to whom I am particularly indebted
for the philological comparisons in the Oriental field,
including the Egyptian, the Arabic, and the Hebrew.

At the best, my work in this volume is only tentative
and suggestive. Its chief value is likely to be in its
stimulating of others to fuller and more satisfactory
research in the field here brought to notice. Suffi-
cient, however, is certainly shown, to indicate that the
realm of true Biblical theology is as yet by no means
thoroughly explored.

H. CLAY TRUMBULL.

PHILADELPHIA, August 14, 1885.

PREFACE

CONTENTS.

LECTURE I.

PAGE

iii

THE PRIMITIVE RITE ITSELF.

(1.) SOURCES OF BIBLE STUDY, 3. (2.) AN ANCIENT SEMITIC RITE,

4. (3.) THE PRImitive Rite in AFRICA, 12. (4.) Traces of thE

RITE IN EUROPE, 39. (5.) WORLD-WIDE Sweep of the Rite, 43.

(6.) LIGHT FROM THE CLASSICS, 58. (7.) THE BOND OF THE COVE-