The records show only one hundred and thirty colonists, or heads of families, besides servants and Indians, but the poem and other authorities mention four hundred persons in the military colony at the start. They took with them. live stock and means of beginning agriculture. They found the Pueblo Indians, whose habits and customs and general life had been recounted by Castaneda and others, living in large houses built chiefly of adobe brick or stone. Some of these were large communal houses of more than one story. They were a peaceful people devoted to agriculture in a mild way, having acquired the art of weaving and spinning along with other industrial arts. They had reached the middle status of barbarism, Whether, if left alone unmolested by foreigners, they would in the slow progress of the centuries have entered upon civilized life is matter of conjecture. Certain it is they have progressed but little since they were conquered by the Spaniards nearly three hundred years ago. The foundations of some of the ancient buildings still remain; and the Indians still practice some of the simpler arts of life much in the same way as of yore. They were given a new religion but it failed to obliterate the old; they were given a new language but retain the old. So with two religions and two languages, and the influence of civilized dress, their outward appearance has changed to a certain extent. They were found to have a rude form of government, semi-communal, semi-patriarchial, remnants of which remain to-day in the practices of the tribes. In their festivals and games they manifest the old time light-heartedness characteristic of their nature. They represent to this day the most interesting native Americans on the continent.

The Spaniards under Onate and those coming to New Mexico later settled down among these peaceful people; the

accompanying friars were always active in introducing their national religion and attempting to convert the natives. Gradually they succeeded in inducing many of them to accept the new religion. But the domineering spirit of the Spaniards began to press the yoke of bondage more heavily upon the neck of the submissive natives. Driven to desperation a revolt occurred in 1680 after the colonies had been existing for nearly a century. The uprising was led by a brave young warrior and carried on with such consummate skill that the four hundred Spaniards were massacred besides twentyone friars who suffered martyrdom. About twelve years after the Spaniards were driven out, the country was reconquered by Diego de Vargas. While the conquest was bloody and complete and frequent revolts occurred from time to time, the Spaniards never again relinquished their hold upon the territory until it passed under Mexican rule

in 1822.

The methods of Spanish colonization are worthy of note. Similar to the old Roman plan there were two methods of colonizing, one by the military colony and the other by the civil colony. By the former method the garrison is planted in a small town near the fort. To protect settlers against attacks of Indians and to serve the country against foreign invasion it was the policy of Spain to extend a line of garrisoned forts along the frontier of her remote provinces. These were called presidios after the Latin term presidium, meaning a garrisoned town or fortress. These presidios, which were all constructed on the same plan, consisted of enclosures six hundred feet square. A rampart built of brick was twelve or fifteen feet high by three in thickness with small bastions flanking the angles. The regulation armament consisted of eight bronze cannons. Within the enclo