Judicial Independence and the Summary Contempt Power Over Publications

action administration of justice ambiguity appellate court applied authority Bridges California Carol Weiss King certiorari chapter civil contempts clear and present Columbia Law Review common law constitutional contemnor contempt by publication contempt convictions contempt of court courts to punish Craig crime of contempt criminal contempt danger test defendant dissent District Court effect exercise fact federal courts field of contempt free speech freedom habeas corpus hand Harvard Law Review Holmes Ibid influence interference involved issue judgment judicial discretion judicial independence jurisdiction law of contempt Law Review legislative libel litigation matter newspaper notion occurred offending opinion pending pending-case limitation Pennekamp power over publications power to punish present danger procedure proper published punish for contempt purgation by oath purpose question review of contempt statement Statutes summary contempt power Superior Court Supreme Court tempt power Times-Mirror Company tion Toledo trial court United writ of habeas