send abundance of charcoal for sale to Cairo; and its place is supplied in the desert by the Séáleh and other of the Mimosa tribe, which are indigenous to the soil. The principal woods used by the Egyptians were the date, Dôm, sycamore, several acacias, the two tamarisks, the Egleeg or balanites, ebony, fir, and cedar. The various purposes to which every part of the palm or date-tree was applied have been already noticed, as well as of the Dôm, or Theban palm. Sycamore wood was employed for coffins, boxes, small idols, doors, window shutters, stools, chairs, and cramps for building; for handles of tools, wooden pegs or nails, cramps, idols, small boxes, and those parts of cabinet work requiring hard compact wood, the Sont (Acacia Nilotica) was usually preferred; and spears were frequently made of other acacias, which grew in the interior, or on the confines of the desert. For cramps in walls, and tools of various kinds, the wood of the Tamarix orientalis was much used, and even occasionally for pieces of furniture, for which purpose the Egleeg was also employed; but the principal woods adopted by the cabinet-maker for fine work were ebony, fir, and cedar. Of these three the first came from Africa, and formed, with ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, dried fruits, and skins, the principal object of the annual tribute brought to Egypt by the conquered tribes of Ethiopia and the Soodán; but fir and cedar were imported from Syria, the two last being in great demand for common furniture, small boxes, coffins, and various objects connected with the dead. Other woods of a rare and valuable kind were brought to Egypt by the people of Asia tributary to the Pharaohs; and the importance attached to them may be estimated by their being frequently imitated, for the satisfaction of those who could not afford to purchase furniture or trinkets of so expensive a material. Egypt also produced some fungi useful for dyeing; the pods of the Acacia Nilotica, the bark of the séáleh acacia, and the wood and bark of the Errin, or Rhus oxyacanthoïdes, for tanning; and the Periploca Secamone for curing skins. White crops were, of course, the principal cultivated produc tions in the valley of the Nile, and the wheat and barley were grown in every part of Egypt. Like the Romans, they usually brought the seed in a basket, which the sower held in his left hand, or suspended on his arm (sometimes with a strap round his neck), while he scattered the seed with his right; and he sometimes followed the plough, in those fields which required no further preparation with the hoe, or were free from the roots of noxious weeds. The mode of sowing was what we term broadcast; the seed was scattered loosely over the surface, whether ploughed or allowed to remain in its unbroken, muddy state; and in no agricultural scene is there any evidence of drilling or dibbling. Corn, and those productions which did not require constant irrigation, were sown in the open field, as in other countries; but for indigo, esculent vegetables, and herbs, the fields were portioned out into the usual square beds,* surrounded by a raised border of earth to keep in the water, which was conducted into them by channels from the shadóof, or poured in with buckets.† Wheat was cut in about five, barley in four months; the best quality, according to Pliny, being grown in the Thebaïd. The wheat, as at the present day, was all bearded, and the same varieties, doubtless, existed in ancient as in modern times; among which may be mentioned the seven-eared quality described in Pharaoh's dream.‡ This is the kind which has been lately grown in England, and which is said to have been raised from grains found in the tombs of Thebes. It is no longer cultivated in Upper Egypt, being only grown in small quantities in the Delta; and this is the more remarkable, as it renders the substitution of modern for ancient wheat at Thebes very improbable. The wheat was cropped a little below the ears with a toothed sickle, and carried to the threshing-floor in wicker panniers upon asses, or in rope T nets, the gleaners following to collect the * See these square beds in woodcut 39, fig. c, vol. i. p. 35. Gen. xli. 22. § Comp. Job, xxiv. 24, "Cut off as the tops of the ears of corn." Part 1. 2 3 Fig. 1 puts the seed into the basket. 2, sowing the land after the plough has passed. The handle of the plough has a peg at the side like the modern Egyptian plough, which may be seen in the Vignette. Part 2. 366. Ploughing, sowing, and reaping. Fig. 1. Plucking up the doora by the roots. 2. Reaping wheat. 2 Tombs of the Kings-Thebes. 3, 4. Gleaners: the first of these asks the reaper to allow him to drink. Fig. 1. The reapers. 2. A reaper drinking from a cup. 5. Carrying the ears in a rope basket: the length of the stubble showing the ears alone are cut off. 10. The tritura, answering to our threshing. 12 drinks from a water-skin suspended in a tree. the number of bushels measured from the heap. 16 checks the account by noting those taken 8. Winnowing. 14. Scribe who notes down away to the granary. 16 5 368. 4 3 The tritura. 2 Fig. 1. The steward, or the owner of the land. 3. The driver. 4 brings the wheat to the threshing-floor in baskets carried on asses. The oxen are yoked together, that they may walk round regularly. |