standards of the, i. 342, 343.

return of the, See War.
Aroura, or Arura, land measure, ii. 256.
Arouras, twelve given to each soldier,
i. 336; ii. 228.

Arrivals of guests at a party, i. 73-76,
141.

Arrows, length of, i. 353.

of reed, i. 352, 353; ii. 30.

tipped with metal, or with flint, i.
222, 353.

with flint heads used by the Greeks
also, and others, i. 353, 354.

spare, i. 351, 352.

383.

Athribis (or Crocodilopolis), i. 307.
Attendants collecting the game, i. 236.
Axe, or hatchet, used in war, i. 361,
362, 419.

with a metal blade, used by peas-
ants also, ii. 18.

A'zrek means "black" as well as
"blue," ii. 20.

golden statues at, ii. 243.
Babylonian embroidered cloths, and
cloths of different colours, ii. 81.
Babylonians, pole, sun-dial, and divi-
sion of day, from the, ii. 319.
Bacchus, fête of, i. 287.

resemblance of, to Osiris, i. 285.
Bags containing gold dust, i. 148.
Bagpipes of the Abruzzi, i. 129.
Bais, palm branches, i. 71.
Baker and cook formerly the same office,
i. 177.
Balance, ii. 148, 152. See Scales.
Balanites. See Egleeg.

Ball, or bullet, the pointed, i. 358.
-, games of, i. 198-200.

they mounted on each other's
backs while playing at, i. 198, 200.

253.

sacred to Neph (Nû, or Nûm), i.

Assemblies, the great, i. 280.
Asses numerous in Egypt, i. 231.
-, wild, not represented, i. 244.
Assessors, ii. 369, 376, 381.

forty-two, ii. 376, 382.

Assyria, i. 308.

Assyrian art borrowed, and archaïc style
of, not yet found, ii. 263. See Nim-

roud Sculptures and Cylinders.
Assyrians, cruelty of the, i. 3, 410.
Astarte, i. 333.

Atesh, or Kadesh, fort of, i. 403.

Athenian coins of commerce had the old

type, ii. 151.

Bargains, length of time in concluding,
ii. 104.

Barley, ii. 21. See Wheat, and Beer.
Barrels not wanted in Egypt, ii. 166.
Basin of Amasis, golden, i. 186.
Baskets for fruit when gathered, i. 43.
Bastinado, punishment of the, i. 418;
ii. 4, 210, 211, 215.

of women, ii. 211.

of workmen, ii. 212.

of shereefs and great men, ii. 212.
of a Copt at Cairo, ii. 213.

Baths, ii. 349.

Bats represented, i. 234.

Battle-axe, i. 362, 363.

with bronze blade and silver casing

to the handle, i. 363.

260, 261, 299.

hand fighting, i. 364.

Venus of Egypt, i. 333.

Beads, ii. 64, 65, 339, 340.

of the dead, or Baris, ii. 355.
Boat-builders of two kinds, ii. 119.

Bedsteads, i. 72.

Egyptians, i. 66.

not wholesome, i. 66.

Beer, men drunk with, i. 54.

offered, i. 266.

called barley - wine, and zythos

(zythus), i. 53–55.

Bees and hives, i. 36.

taken on the Nile in boats, i. 36.
Bellows worked by the feet, i. 174.
Benha-el-Assal or "Benha of honey,"
town of, i. 37.

Beni Hassan, strange shields at, i. 348.
-, wrestlers at, i. 204, 205.

dwarfs and deformed persons at,
i. 204.
Benno sacred bird of Osiris (apparently
the Phoenix), i. 251, 252.

Berek. See Abrek.

Sailors.

going up and down the Nile, ii.
122-124.

sails of, like those of China, but
generally of sailcloth, ii. 123.

of burthen, ii. 121, 122.

of large size only used during high
Nile, ii. 125.

made of the papyrus, ii. 119-123.
mentioned by Pliny and Strabo,
at the Cataracts, ii. 119, 121.

of the papyrus safe against croco-
diles, ii. 120.

of papyrus not sent to India, as
Pliny pretends, ii. 122.

of the Armenians covered with
hide, ii. 121.

of Egypt had no beaks, ii. 128.
-, construction of, ii. 130.

lotus painted on, ii. 127.

-, eye on prow of, confined to the fu-
neral boats, ii. 127, 367.

eye on Maltese and Indian, ii.

ornaments on head and stern of,
ii. 128.

streamers of, ii. 127.

raised places at the head and stern
of, i. 413; ii. 128.

Boar, wild, in Egypt, i. 244.

pulleys, doubtful if used in, ii. 130,

, wild, eaten by some people about

131.

Damietta, i, 244,

rigging of, ii. 130.

Boats, built with ribs, and little or no
keel, ii. 126.

with and without a cabin, ii. 123-
125, 127, 129.

of burthen, cabins of, ii. 129.
-, square sails of, ii. 126, 128.
with coloured and embroidered
sails, ii. 131, cut 167.

sails of, how reefed and furled, i.
412; ii. 126, 130.

sails of, had yard at the top and
bottom, ii. 126, 128.

sails, had one yard in old times,
ii. 126.

Bocchoris the Wise, a great legislator,
ii. 217.

Body, reason for preserving the, ii.

380.

Boiled meats seldom eaten by Homer's
heroes, i. 173.

Bottle held on the thumb, i. 165.
Bottles, i. 155, 157, 158, 164, 165.

and vases stopped with leaves, i.
165.

Bouquet of the Mareotic wine, i. 49.
Bouquets at parties, i. 57.

among the offerings to the Gods, i.
257,258.

Bow of the Koofa, i. 349.
of Egypt, i. 349, 350.

mode of stringing the, i. 350.
mode of drawing the, i. 222, 351.
-, guard on the wrist, in using the,
i. 351.

and arrows for the chase, i. 221.
cover used by infantry, i. 354.
case, i. 354.

suspended at the side of a chariot,

Bread with seeds, i. 177, 179.

cakes of, in form of leaves, croco-
dile's head, &c., i. 177, 266.

266.

shape of rolls of, i. 176, 177, 179,

made of wheat, or barley, or doora,
i. 179. See Doora.

error of Herodotus respecting
wheaten, i. 180.
Brickmakers. See Bricks.

with taskmasters, as described in
the Bible, ii. 195.

Bricks led to the invention of the arch,
i. 18; ii. 304.

houses of crude, i. 6, 18; ii. 8.
houses of crude, stuccoed, i. 6.
derived from mass of mud first used
for building, ii. 281.

-, captives and Egyptians made, ii.
195.

194.

made with, and without, straw, ii.

preserved to this day, ii. 194.
horizontal courses of, in curved
lines, ii. 194.

burnt, of Roman time, ii. 194.
a government monopoly, ii. 194,
195.

stamped, ii. 195.

-, great use of, ii. 194, 195.

Jews made, but not represented
on the monuments, ii. 195, 197.

called Tobi, as in Arabic, ii. 197.
British bronze weapons, perhaps Pho-
nician, ii. 136.

Bronze, or brass, cups, i. 82, 180.
-, alloys in, i. 148.

blades elastic, i. 148; ii. 159.
of excellent quality, i. 148.
the earliest cast, ii. 160, 161.

-, use of, ii. 152-155.

-, gilt, ii. 146, 147, 159.

tools for cutting stone, ii. 156, 158.
used at least 2000 years B.C., ii.

134.

raised more than any town, as a
protection against the inundation, ii.
9, 209.
Buffoonery, the Egyptians fond of, i.
73, 100, 210.
Buffoons, i. 100-103.

Buildings. See Architecture.

-, oldest, were of limestone, ii. 305.
Bull-fights, i. 209, 300, 301.
Bulls, sacred, i. 248, 288, 289.
Apis.

Bureaucratie in Egypt, ii. 176.
Burial refused, i. 325; ii. 376.

See

refused even to a king if bad, i.
314, 379.

Bushes dragged over the mud, ii. 11.
Butchers sharpening knives on a steel,
i. 169, 170.

Buto, fête of Latona at, i. 296, 298.
Byblus. See Papyrus.
Byrsa, the citadel of Carthage, ii. 93.

a name found in the East, ii. 93.
Byssus is linen, not cotton, ii. 73.
Byzantine and other styles of architect-
ure, ii. 305.

Carchemish, defeat of Necho at, i. 309.
fortified town of, i. 308, 309.
Caricatures of women, i. 52; ii. 276.
Carpenters and Cabinet-makers, ii. 109,
111-119.

tools of the, ii. 111-114.
work of the, ii. 111–119.
Carpets, i. 68; ii. 92, 93.
Carriage with four wheels, i. 384.

for travelling (or plaustrum), i. 384,
385.
Carthamus, ii. 22, 34.

Cartonage of mummies, ii. 396, 397.
Carts of the Tokkari, i. 392.
Cassiterides, ii. 134-136.
Castes. See Classes.

Castor oil, and castor-berry tree, ii. 23,
24, 29.

mode of extracting, ii. 23, 24.
Cat used as a retriever, i. 236, 238.
sacred, i. 246.

wild, or chaus, i. 230, 246.
Catgut strings of lyre and other instru-
ments, i. 118, 122, 123, 125.
Cattle of different kinds, i. 231.
stall fed, i. 27; ii. 49.

218.

marked with a hot iron, i. 217,

held two persons, i. 368, 370.
sometimes held three, 368, 370.
the king alone in his, i. 371.

the king had a "second," i. 371.
had no seat, i. 373.

was of wood, i. 373.

bent pole of the, i. 374.

driver was on the off side of the,
i. 371.

-, parts of the, i. 375.

process of making a, i. 377, 378.
partly made by carpenters, partly

by curriers, i. 377.

makers, ii. 117.

's hair, ii. 328.

education of, ii. 226.

of common people, i. 322.
of slaves, ii. 225.

-, severity of duties of, ii. 225.

-, respect of, to parents, ii. 225.
not swaddled, and mode of carry-
ing, ii. 330.

Chinese bottles, ii. 68, 69, 70.

-, probable date of, ii. 70.
Chisels, ii. 113, 114. See Bronze.
Choristers, i. 92.

often blind, i. 94, 95.
Chorus of many persons, i. 92.

382.

wheels of the, i. 379,
drawing of, in perspective, i. 380,

mode of fastening, and parts of the
harness of a war, i 379, 381.

had only two horses, i. 381.
for travelling (or plaustrum), i. 384,

385.

or car in the Florence Museum, i.
385, 386.

with mules, i. 384, 385.

of the Rot-n-n, i. 376.
Chariot-corps, i. 368, 371, 386.
Charioteer, i. 368, 370, 371.

372.

often a person of consequence, i.

Chariots of silver and gold, others paint-
ed, i. 375.

guests arrived in, i. 73, 74, 76.
of gentlemen in towns, i. 371.
of princes, i. 370.

Charms, ii. 352.

-, or bullas, worn by children, ii.
330.

Charon, origin of, ii. 375, 377.
Chase, i. 212, 214, 218, 221, 224.

a favourite pastime, i. 212.

in the grounds of grandees, and
nets enclosing a space for the, i. 213.
Chemistry and metallic oxides, knowl-
edge of, ii. 67.

and dyeing cloths, ii. 67.
Cherubim like the winged figures of
Truth in the arks, i. 271.
Chevron ornament in Egypt, ii. 290.
Chickens, or fowls, treatment of, ii.
184.

Child, lock of hair indicative of a, i.
311, 372.

- accompanied its parents when fish-
ing and fowling, i. 235, 237.

art, ii. 294.

Clappers, or Crotala, i. 99, 100, 129, 130,
135, 296.

used in dances, i. 135.
Clapping the hands, i. 92. See Hands.
Class the 1st and the 2d, priests and
soldiers, i. 316; ii. 2.

Class 3d, huntsmen, gardeners, boat-
men, peasants, &c., ii. 2, 54, 55.
Class 4th, members of the, ii. 2, 56.
Class 5th, members of the, ii. 2.
Classes, five, of the Egyptians, not
castes, i. 316; ii. 2.

according to Herodotus, Diodorus,
Strabo, and Plato, ii. 1, 2.
Clay used for pottery, ii. 107.

kneaded by the foot, ii. 107.
Cloth, manufacture of, ii. 85, 86, 89.
calendering, ii. 91, 92.

Clover, dried, called in Arabic Drees, ii.
21, 48, 49.

Club of rude shape, i. 364.

(lissán) or curved stick, i. 365.
used by foreigners (woodcut), i.
338, 365.

Cock's head. See Rhyton.
Cocks and hens, not represented, i. 234.
originally from Asia, i. 234.
Coffin makers, ii. 117-119.
Coffins, ii. 119, 368, 375, 397.

of foreign woods, i. 19.
Coin of Athens, of old type, being known
in commerce, ii. 151.
Coinage, oldest, ii. 147, 150.
Coins of Electrum, Lydian, ii. 150.

of real gold were of Darius, ii.
150.

oldest silver, ii. 147, 150. See Gold.
Colossi. See Statues.

Colossus on a sledge, at El Bersheh,
ii. 307, 308. See Frontispiece to
vol. ii.