species the panther, leopard, &c.-are generally roused by dogs, and killed with fire-arms or arrows. The animals of the canine species, though less furious, are more cunning than those above mentioned. The wolf has always been an object of human vengeance: in the East, it is hunted by eagles trained for the purpose; in Europe, the strongest greyhounds and other dogs are employed, and the chase is prosecuted either on foot or on horseback. It is, however, very difficult to run down a wolf, for it is stronger than a dog, and will easily run 20 miles, which, added to its stratagems, often renders the pursuit abortive. Wolves are also taken in traps and nets, though their vigilance and caution make it difficult to deceive them. The most formidable animals of North America are the white bear and the grisly bear. They are ferocious, fearless, and extremely vivacious, and are hunted with arrows or fire-arms. The bison is destroyed by the North American Indians sometimes by riding in among a herd, and singling out one, which they wound with their arrows, until a mortal blow is given; or they drive a whole herd over a precipice. When flying before the pursuers, the herd rushes on with great rapidity, and it is impossible for the leaders to stop, as the main body pushes forward to escape the pursuit. The Indians nearly surround them, and rush forward with loud yells, The alarmed animals hasten forward in the only direction not occupied by their enemies, and are hurled over the precipice and dashed to pieces.

HUNTINGDON, Selina, countess of, the second daughter of Washington, earl Ferrers, was born in 1707, and married June 3, 1728, to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdon. Becoming a widow, she acquired a taste for the principles of the Calvinistic Methodists, and patronised the famous George Whitefield, whom she constituted her chaplain. Her rank and fortune giving her great influence, she was long considered as the head of a sect of religionists; and, after the death of Whitefield, his followers were designated as the people of lady Huntingdon. She founded schools and colleges for preachers, supported them with her purse, and expended annually large sums in private charity. She died June 17, 1791.

HUNTINGDON, William; a religious enthusiast, who attained some notoriety towards the end of the 18th century. He was the son of a farmer's laborer in Kent, and the early part of his life was passed in menial service, and other humble occupations.

After indulging in vice and dissipation for several years, according to his own account, he was converted, and became a preacher among the Calvinistic Methodists. He soon engaged in religious controversies, published a vast number of tracts, and was regarded as the head of a peculiar sect. He died in August, 1813, at the age of 69. He was a man of some talent, though little cultivated by education. His publications are very numerous, and some of them contain curious details relative to his personal history and religious experience. The titles of two may be mentioned as specimens: the Arminian Skeleton, or the Arminians dissected and anatomized (8vo.);, and the Bank of Faith (8vo.). After having lost his first wife by death, he married the wealthy relict of sir James Saunderson, á London alderman, and passed the latter part of his life in affluence.

HUNTINGDON, Henry of, an ancient English historian, was born towards the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. He was educated by Albinus of Anjou, a learned canon of the church of Lincoln. He composed a general history of England, from the earliest accounts to the death of king Stephen, in 1154, in eight books, which have been published by sir Henry Savile. Towards the conclusion, the author honestly acknowledges that it is only an abridgment, and allows that to compose a complete history of England, many books were necessary which he could not procure. Mr. Wharton has published a letter of his on the contempt of the world, which details many curious anecdotes of the great men of his time.

HUNTINGTON, Samuel, one of the signers of the declaration of independence, was born in Windham, Connecticut, in 1732. His father was a farmer, whose situation did not allow him to give his son any other than the limited education which the common schools of the province afforded. Young Huntington, however, made up for this deficiency, by his own industry, and employed all the time which he could spare from the occupations of the farm, in improving his mind. At the age of 22, he resolved upon studying the law, and, having borrowed the necessary books, soon acquired knowledge sufficient to be admitted to the bar and commence the practice of his profession, which he did in his native town. He shortly afterwards removed to Norwich. Here he had not long resided, before his business becaine very extensive, and, in 1764, he was

elected a representative of the town in the general assembly, and the following year appointed king's attorney, an office which he filled until 1774, when he was raised to the bench of the superior court. In 1775, he was chosen a member of the council of Connecticut, and in the same year, having always shown himself a decided opponent of all encroachments on the rights of the people, was sent as a delegate to the general congress of the colonies. He took his seat in that assembly on the 16th of January, 1776, and, in the ensuing month of July, signed the declaration of independence. September 28, 1779, he was chosen to succeed John Jay, as president of the congress. He was reelected to the same dignity in 1780, and occupied it until the following year, when his health obliged him to retire from the house. On his return to Connecticut, he resumed his judicial functions and his seat in the council of that state. In 1783, he again went to congress, and was soon afterwards appointed chiefjustice of the supreme court of Connecticut. In 1786, he was chosen the successor of Mr. Griswold in the chief magistracy of the state, and was annually reelected to the same station until his death, which took place Jan. 5, 1796, in the 64th year of his age.

HUPAZOLI, Francis; one of the few individuals who have lived in three centuries. He was born in 1587, at Casal, in Sardinia, and died in 1702. At first, he was a clergyman, and afterwards became a merchant at Scio; and, in his 82d year, he was appointed Venetian consul at Smyrna. He had five wives, who bore him 24 children, besides which, he is known to have had 25 illegitimate children. By his fifth wife, whom he married at the age of 98 years, he had four children. His drink was water; he never smoked, and eat little (principally game and fruit). He drank a good deal of the juice of the scorzonera root, eat but very little at night, went to bed and rose early, then heard mass, walked and labored the whole day to the last. He wrote down every thing remarkable which he had witnessed, in 22 vols. He never had a fever, was never bled, and never took any medicine. At the age of 100, his gray hair again became black. When 109 years old, he lost his teeth, and lived on soup. Four years later, he had two large new teeth, and began again to eat meat. During the latter part of his life, he had, for almost 30 years, monthly evacuations of blood. After these ceased, he was af

flicted with the stone, and frequent colds, which continued until his death. He was of a mild temper. His principal fault was his passion for the other sex. Hupazoli was rich, and had but few wants.

HURD, Richard; an eminent English prelate and philological writer of the last century. He was born Jan. 13, 1720, at Congreve, in Staffordshire, went to Emanuel college, Cambridge, in which he obtained a fellowship in 1742, and, in 1749, published Horatii Ars Poetica, Epistola ad Pisones, with an English commentary and notes. In 1750, he published a Commentary on the Epistle of Horace to Augustus. A satirical attack on doctor Jortin, in defence of Warburton, in an Essay on the Delicacy of Friendship, he afterwards endeavored to suppress. In 1757, he published Remarks on David Hume's Essay on the Natural History of Religion (8vo.). His Dialogues, moral and political, with Letters on Chivalry and Romance, appeared at different times, from 1758 to 1764, and were republished collectively, in 1765 (3 vols. 8vo.). None of his works attracted so much notice as the dialogues, which were translated into German by Hölty. In 1767, he was made arch-deacon of Gloucester, and, in 1768, commenced a series of sermons on the prophecies, preached at the lecture founded by his friend Warburton, at Lincoln's Inn. These discourses were published under the title of an Introduction to the Study of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church, in twelve Lectures (1772). In 1775, doctor Hurd was raised to the bishopric of Litchfield and Coventry; and, not long after, was made preceptor to the late king, and his brother the duke of York. He was translated to the see of Worcester, in 1781, and, at the same time, was bestowed on him the confidential situation of clerk of the closet. The king afterwards desired to elevate doctor Hurd to the primacy, but he modestly declined the offer. In 1788, he published an edition of the works of bishop Warburton, in which he omitted some of the productions of his deceased friend. Doctor Parr supplied the editorial deficiencies of bishop Hurd's collection, by Tracts by Warburton and a Warburtonian. In 1795, the right reverend editor himself published a kind of supplement to the works of Warburton, in the form of a biographical preface, and he subsequently also published the correspondence of Warburton, which was his last literary undertaking. He died in May, 1808.

HURL GATE (see East River). We will

only add here, that a project is on foot for improving the navigation of this dangerous pass, and that a survey has been made for this purpose, from which it appears, that a ship canal, of 2439 running feet in length, can be opened between Pot cove and Hallet cove, sufficient to admit the largest vessel of war.

HURON; a lake of North America, 218 miles long, from east to west, and 180 broad, of very irregular form; about 1100 miles in circumference, containing many islands and bays; lon. 80° 10' to 84° 30′ W.; lat. 43° 20 to 46° 10' N. It abounds in fish, which are similar to those in lake Superior. Some of the land on its banks is very fertile, and suitable for cultivation; but in other places, barren and sandy. The promontory which divides the lake from lake Michigan, is composed of a vast plain, upwards of 100 miles in length, but varying in its breadth. At the north-east corner, the lake communicates with lake Michigan, by the straits of Michilimackinac. On its banks are found amazing quantities of sand cherries, and in the adjacent countries, nearly the same fruits as about the other lakes.-Huron River, or St. Clair River, connects lake Huron with lake St. Clair. It is 40 miles long, and about one mile wide.

HURONS; a tribe of North American Indians, which was formerly numerous, and dwelt on the east of lake Huron; but, in 1650, they were driven out by the Iroquois, and retired to the south-west of lake Erie. The Six Nations (the Mohawk tribes or Iroquois) call the Hurons father, without doubt because they are descended from the Hurons, who are now reduced to 700 warriors. They are among the most civilized of the N. American Indians, live in good houses, have horses, cows and swine, and raise grain for sale. Their proper name is Wyandots. (See North American Review, vol. 24, pp. 419,428.) The Iroquois are sometimes included under the name of Hurons, but they are a separate people.

HURRICANE (in Spanish, hurracan; in French, ouragan; in German, orkan); a word, according to the most probable supposition, picked up by voyagers among the natives of the West Indies; properly a violent tempest of wind, attended with thunder and lightning, and rain or hail. Hurricanes appear to have an electric origin at the moment that the electric spark produces a combination of oxygen and hydrogen, a sudden fall of rain or hail is thus occasioned, and a vacuum formed, into which the circumambient

air rushes with great rapidity from all directions. The West Indies, the Isle of France, and the kingdoms of Siam and China, are the countries most subject to their ravages. What are called hurricanes, in the more northern latitudes, are nothing more than whirlwinds, occasioned by the meeting of opposite currents. But in the real hurricane, all the elements seem to have armed themselves for the destruction of human labors and of nature herself. The velocity of the wind exceeds that of a cannon ball; corn, vines, sugar canes, forests, houses, every thing is swept away. The hurricane of the temperate zone moves with a velocity of about 60 feet a second; those of the torrid zone, from 150 to 300 feet in the same time. They begin in various ways; sometimes a little black cloud rolis down the mountains,and suddenly unfolds itself and covers the whole horizon; at others, the storm comes on in the shape of a fiery cloud,which suddenly appears in a calm and serene sky.

HUSBAND AND WIFE. Of all private contracts, that of marriage is most intimately blended with the social condition of a community, and gives rise to the most numerous and important relations, rights and duties. It was for this reason, in part, though still more, perhaps, from the desire of domination and jurisdiction on the part of the clergy in former times, that this contract was invested with a peculiar religious character, and made one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic church. Marriage, accordingly, is often celebrated in places of public religious worship, in both Catholic and Protestant countries; and the ministers of religion, even in countries where the church has no judicial jurisdiction whatever over the rights arising from this contract, still officiate, for the most part, at its solemnization. (As to the forms of solemnizing marriage, and as to its dissolution, the reader is referred to the respective articles Marriage and Divorce.) The first and one of the most important rights resulting from this contract, is the control, in a greater or less degree, according to the laws of different countries, which it gives to the husband of the person of the wife. The terms in which this right is express ed, in the laws of England and the U. States, are stronger than those of the civil law, or the modern codes derived from it. But this right is still recognised in those codes, of which that of France may be referred to as an example. The old writ ers in the English law express themselves more directly upon this subject than is

grateful to modern ears, putting the au thority of the husband upon a footing similar to that of a parent over a child, or a master over a servant; and, in this case, as in those, they very composedly lay down the rules and limits of the exercise of this authority, describing the degree of coercion permitted by the law to be used, and the degree of correction which it allows to be administered by the husband. In modern times, these doctrines are expressed in more cautious and qualified terms, and some writers are careful to reserve to the wife some corresponding rights. However the mutual rights of the parties in this respect are to be construed and reconciled, it is certain that the English and American law distinctly recognises the husband's right to the personal services of his wife; and, in the action by the husband against another on account of criminal conversation with the wife, direct allusion is made to this marital right, while the wife has no corresponding action against a woman who does her a similar injury. In respect to the children as a divided authority, where the voices would be equal, would lead to embarrassment-the law assigns the guardianship and authority over them to the father, to which the mother succeeds, in a great degree, on his decease, but not wholly, for the children may, at a certain age in their minority, choose guardians for themselves, in case of the father's decease. As the law assigns a certain ascendency to the husband, so it provides some compensation, by imposing upon him stronger and more extensive obligations; and both the authority and the obligations of the husband are more extensive where the common law of England has sway than where the Roman law is the fountain of civil jurisprudence. As this common law, according to its original spirit and usual operation, leaves the wife destitute of the means of supporting herself, it imposes upon the husband the obligation of supporting her, in the most direct and absolute terms. His duty to provide for the support of the children is no less imperatively enjoined by the law, to which duty the wife succeeds, in its full force, in case of the decease of the husband. In either case, the duty extends to the utmost ability and means of the party. In respect to the distinct possession of property, and distinct civil abilities of the two parties, in regard to the acquisition and management of property, the common law of England and the codes springing from the Roman law are widely dif

ferent, and give rise to the most striking diversities in the civil relations of families under the jurisdiction of these respective systems. By the theory, as well as the practical administration of the common law of England, which has not, either there or in the U. States, been very deeply trenched upon by statutes or judicial modifications, the civil rights and abilities of the wife are mostly merged by the marriage. The husband and wife are considered, in law, to be one person, and that one person recognised by the law is the husband. By the very act of the marriage, the chattels of the wife become the property of the husband. He has a right, also, to collect all the debts due to her; but then he also, at the same time, incurs a corresponding obligation, for he at once becomes liable to pay all her debts. Though, in bringing suits, after the marriage, for the debts due to the wife before marriage, the names of both the husband and wife are used as plaintiffs and creditors, yet, when the debts are collected, the proceeds are at the absolute disposal of the husband. So the rents and income of the wife's real estate, during the continuance of the conjugal connexion, belong to the husband as absolutely as if the estate itself were his own; but he cannot sell the estate without the concurrence of the wife, and, in England, such a sale can be made only under judicial cognizance, by a proceeding in which the wife must appear personally in court, and express her assent to the sale. In the U. States, this precaution is not taken, though, in some of the states, the wife must be examined separately from her husband, by some magistrate authorized to take the acknowledgment of deeds; and, on her acknowledging that she, freely, and without constraint by the husband, assents to the sale, the conveyance will be good; while, in other states, no such separate examination is required, but she may execute the deed either in the presence or absence of her husband, as the law may provide in this respect. If the wife has already commenced a suit, at the time of the marriage, the husband's control of the claim for the demand in suit is considered to be so direct and absolute, that the defendant is no longer liable to answer to the wife, and the suit will be defeated on the defendant's objecting to its being further prosecuted in her name; for the common law does not allow the husband, in such case, to come in and join in the prosecution, though there seems to be no very good reason why it should not. In such case,

the proceedings must be commenced anew, in the names of both. By the laws of some of the U. States, however, the suit does not abate, but the husband comes in and joins in prosecuting it. If a suit is pending against the wife at the time of the marriage, it does not abate, for the law will not permit the rights of third parties to be injured by the voluntary act of the defendant, but such suit proceeds as if no marriage had taken place, or the husband is cited in and made a co-defendant in the suit. The same principles extend to all the civil relations of the wife. If she was acting as executrix on an estate, the husband, on the marriage, becomes executor with her. So if she is appointed executrix during the marriage, the husband is executor with her; and so where imprisonment for debt is permitted, the law does not allow the wife to be imprisoned on execution for her own debt, separately from her husband, but he must be imprisoned with her; and if he escapes from prison, and is not retaken, after a reasonable time allowed for this purpose, the wife will be discharged. On the dissolution of the marriage by the death of the husband, or by a divorce from the bonds of matrimony, the civil abilities of the wife revive, and she will then also be entitled, in her own right, to the rents and income of her real estate accruing subsequently, and she will also be entitled, in her own right, to all the debts due to her before the marriage, and which the husband has not appropriated to himself. But, as all the earnings of the wife, during the marriage, belong exclusively to the husband, whether gained by her labor, by trade, or in any other way, he alone can sue for any claim thence arising; and, in case of his decease, his executors succeed to his right, and not the wife in her individual capacity. The law, at the same time, shows a scrupulous respect for a union so intimate, and permits the parties mutually to defend each other against the attacks of other persons; and also exempts them, except in a few extreme cases, from being witnesses against each other, upon the same principle on which it exempts a party from being a witness against himself; and even farther, for it will not permit either to be a witness against the other. It is a general rule, that this contract of marriage so completely absorbs all others, that the parties cannot afterwards contract with each other, since, in the view of the law, it would be equivalent to a contract of a party with himself. In the time of lord Mansfield, some decisions were made by

the court of king's bench, in England, tending to the introduction of an exception to this doctrine, in case of an agreement between husband and wife to live separately, upon formal articles made by them, providing for a separate maintenance of the wife. But the same court retraced its steps, in the time of the succeeding chief-justice, lord Kenyon, and reestablished the old doctrine, that all such agreements were absolutely void. The only way, accordingly, of protecting and maintaining the pecuniary contracts of the wife, and preventing them from being merged by the marriage, is through the intervention of trustees. The law does not prevent the putting property into the hands of trustees, to be managed either according to the discretion of the trustees, or under the direction of the wife, for her separate benefit, as if she were a single woman; and this may be done either before or after the marriage, provided that the interest of creditors, having subsisting claims at the time, shall not be affected. So that, after all, this civil identity of the husband and wife, as to the possession, use, control and application of the wife's property, or its income, is merely nominal, since the law permits to be done in the name of another what it does not permit in her own. And, where there are courts established with sufficient powers to give suitable remedies in regard to such contracts (as there ought, undoubtedly, to be every where), any provisions and conditions may be agreed upon between the parties, as to any property already existing. Such contracts are, however, collateral to that of marriage; for the law will by no means allow of any conditions or modifications to the contract itself. In countries where the civil institutions are borrowed from the Roman law, as has already been said, the conjugal bond, of its own force, and according to the general laws, independently of any express stipulations of the parties between themselves, or of the intervention of any third parties, gives rise to a very different set of relations and rights. To take the French code, for an example, without going into an inquiry how far the laws of other countries, derived from the same source, coincide with that code in minor details and provisions, there are two descriptions of marriage contract, as far as the property of the parties is concerned, both of which, however, contemplate the rights of property of the parties as distinct. By one form of the marriage contract, the husband and wife become partners; by the other, their rights