called dew-rotting, and is very tedious, requiring three, six or even eight weeks. Another method, again, is by placing it in a pit, and covering it with about a foot of earth, after having watered it abundantly a single time; but even this method requires double the time of water. After being rotted and rapidly dried, the hemp is ready for combing, beating, &c. ; but these subsequent manipulations are found by experience to be very unhealthy, probably on account of the fine, penetrating dust which is created; wherefore, in this instance, at least, the employment of some of the various machines which have been invented is supported on the plea of humanity.

HEMSTERHUIS, Tiberius, a Dutch philologist, celebrated for his learning, particularly in the Greek and Roman languages, and for the new philological school which he founded, was born at Groningen, in 1685, died in 1756, at Leyden, where he was professor of the Greek language and of history. His father was a learned and respectable physician in Groningen, from whom he received his first instruction; and, as early as his 14th year, he entered the university of his native city, where he studied particularly mathematics. Some years afterwards, he went to Leyden, where he was commissioned to arrange the manuscripts in the library of the university. He was not 20 years old when he was appointed professor of mathematics and philosophy at Amsterdam. Here he entered into the philological career. He now undertook an edition of Julius Pollux, the lexicographer, and was thus led into a correspondence with the great Bentley, whose overpowering, though friendly criticism, for a short time, discouraged the young man. But he soon applied himself more zealously to the study of all the Greek authors, in chronological order, and with such success, that he may justly be said to have been the most profound Hellenist of the age. He was, in the full sense of the words, a grammarian and critic at the same time, and he united to this the most comprehensive knowledge of all matters connected in any manner with his studies. We are indebted to him for the foundation of the study of the Greek language, on the basis of analogy, for which Joseph Scaliger and Salmasius had prepared the way. By this analogical method, new light was shed on the origin and signification of words; the relation of single words to similar ones was pointed out, as well as their relation to the Latin language, which he frequently traced back to the Æolian

dialect. Hemsterhuis was not less familiar with Latin, although his style in that language wants the easy grace which we find in Ruhnken. This philologist and Valkenaer were his most distinguished pupils. His principal works are the above-mentioned edition of the Onomasticon of Julius Pollux, Select Dialogues of Lucian, and the Plutus of Aristophanes. Besides these, he wrote a number of excellent annotations and emendations to different authors, and several academical discourses. He was remarkable for mildness and modesty of character, and was entirely exempt from the severe and dogmatical tone of many of the Dutch philologists. His grateful pupil and friend, Ruhnken, in the classical memoir which he has consecrated to his memory, gives some fine traits of his character. Jac. Geel has published from the manuscripts of Hemsterhuis, which are preserved in the library at Leyden, Anecdota Hemsterhusiana (Leyden and Leipsic, 1825).

HEMSTERHUIS, Francis; son of the preceding. To the classical learning which he inherited from his father, he added the study of philosophy, in particular that of Socrates, which speaks in all his productions. Hence his predilection for the animated form of the dialogue, in preference to a systematic method. The sensual system of Locke was the foundation of his philosophy, but was extended by him with great acuteness, interwoven with observations of his own, and exhibited in a manner full of life and taste. In the society of the princess Gallitzin, to whom he dedicated several of his writings, under the name of Diotima, and of the count of Fürstenberg, he made a journey through Germany, in which he collected a rich treasure of observations on the fine arts, which he communicated to his friend and colleague Smeth, in a letter originally written in Dutch, and translated into French. His philosophical views he has expressed, in particular, in the dialogue Sophyle ou de la Philosophie. Another class of his writings refers chiefly to the philosophy of the arts and to archæology; among which, the Lettre sur la Sculpture (1760), in which he treats on the objects of the fine arts, and in particular of sculpture, and on their different periods. The dialogue Aristée ou de la Divinité (2d edit., 1779) is devoted to the philosophy of religion, as well as the celebrated Lettre de Dioclès à Diotime sur l'Athéisme (1785), which was first made known and answered by his friend F. J. Jacobi (Essay on the Doctrine of Spinoza). His

other writings are a dialogue Alexis, ou de l'Age d'Or (On the Golden Age), and the masterly Description philosophique du Caractère du feu M. Fr. Fagel (1773). All these writings were collected and published by Jansen, first in 1792, and in a 2d edition in 1809 (Paris, in 2 vols.). Of the circumstances of his life, we know nothing more particular, than that he was born in 1720, that he resided first at Leyden, then at the Hague, as a private individual; that he occupied, for some time, the post of first clerk in the office of the secretary of the United Netherlands, and was one of the directors of the drawing academy at Amsterdam. He died at the Hague, in 1790.

HEMUS. (See Balkan.) HENAULT, Charles John Francis; president of the parliament of Paris; an eminent French historian, and writer on polite literature. He was the son of a farmer-general, and was born at Paris in 1685. He first adopted the ecclesiastical profession, and entered among the fathers of the oratory; but he quitted that society for the long robe, and obtained the posts of president of the chamber of inquests, and superintendent of the finances of the queen's household. He produced a poem, which, in 1707, obtained a prize from the French academy. In 1713, his tragedy of Cornelia was brought on the stage, where, however, it was not well received. In 1723, he was admitted into the French academy; and he also became a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, and of other literary associations. He was intimately connected with madame du Deffand, and from his rank, as well as his talents, he held a distinguished station among the Parisian literati. His Abrégé Chronologique de l'Histoire de France, exhibiting a tabular view of French history, has been translated into several languages, and been repeatedly imitated; last edition (Paris, 1821), continued by Walckenaer. He was also the author of comedies, poems, academical discourses, &c. He died in 1770. In the following year was published, posthumously, his Histoire Critique de l'Etablissement des Français dans les Gaules (2 vols., 8vo.); and in 1806 appeared Les Euvres inédites du Président Hénault (8vo.).

HENBANE (hyoscyamus niger); a herbaceous annual plant, growing to the height of about two feet, with sinuate leaves, and yellow flowers, veined with purple, and situated in the axils of the superior leaves. The whole plant is hairy,

and, like others of the same natural family (solanea), possesses a heavy, disagreeable odor, and dangerous narcotic properties. Cases of poisoning, from eating this plant through mistake, have been frequent in Europe. This plant has been imported from the eastern continent, and has now become naturalized in this country, occurring in waste places, along road-sides, in various parts of the Union. From its narcotic qualities, it is occasionally employed in medicine. Twelve species of hyoscyamus are known, all of them natives of the eastern continent.

HENDECASYLLABLES; a verse of 11 syllables, which, among the ancients, was used particularly by Catullus, and which is well adapted for elegant trifles. The measure is

- 31

-10-17

HENGIST, the founder of the kingdon of Kent, in Great Britain, and his brother Horsa, were renowned among the Saxons for their bodily strength and the antiquity of their family, which derived its origin in a direct line from Odin. In 449, the Britons sued for aid from the Saxons, against the inroads of the Scots and Piets. The Saxons had long been desirous of invading this beautiful island, and therefore gladly accepted the invitation. Under the command of Hengist and Horsa, they landed at the mouth of the Thames, attacked the enemies of the Britons, and defeated them near Stamford. The victory, obtained with so much facility, convinced them that they could easily subdue a people who were unable to resist so feeble an enemy. They sent intelligence to Saxony, of the fertility and wealth of the country, and represented as both easy and certain, the subjection of a people who had so long forgotten the use of arms, and who were divided among themselves. As soon as they had received reinforcements from home, they sought occasion for a quarrel, under the pretext, that their subsidies were ill paid, and their supplies withheld; and, ceasing to dissemble any longer, they united with the Scots and Picts, and attacked the Britons. The latter had taken up arms, deposed their king, Vortigern, who had become odious by his vices and by the ruinous consequences of his policy, and placed his son Vortimer upon the throne. The war was carried on with the greatest fury. The AngloSaxons penetrated to the interior of the country, laying waste all before them, and practising the most shocking cruelties. The Britons were forced to flee or submit to the yoke of the victors. Some fled to Armorica (Haute-Bretagne), to which they

gave their name. Hengist, who had lost his brother in the battle near Eglesford (now Ailsford), founded the kingdom of Kent, which embraces the present counties of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and part of Surrey. He established his residence in Canterbury, and died about the year 488, leaving his kingdom to his posterity. A brother and a nephew, whom he had called over to England, settled in Northumberland. Their example was followed by other chiefs, who founded the Saxon Heptarchy.

HENKE, Henry Philip Conrad, vicepresident of the consistory of Wolfenbuttel, first professor of theology at Helmstadt, the son of a minister in Brunswick, was born in 1752, at Hehlen. His father's death left him, at the age of 12 years, in indigence, and he was supported by the liberality of some wealthy patrons. He applied himself particularly to philology. His favorite author was Quintilian, with a translation of whom he began his literary career. Henke was one of the editors of the Latin Journal, then published under the direction of Schirac, professor in Helmstädt, and received his degrees in the philosophical faculty. In 1778, he received the place of a professor extraordinary of theology at Helmstädt. His literary reputation was founded on his Ecclesiastical History, of which the first volume appeared in 1788, and which passed through several new editions before it was completed by Vater, 8 vols. (Königsberg, 1820.) This book contains a treasure of historical learning. Henke was an enemy of that dogmatical theology, which imposes constraints on opinion, and discourages free investigation. He was a Protestant, in the true sense of the word. His work on dogmatics is written in classical Latin, and is another proof of his learn ing in the history of theology. He went, in 1807, as deputy for Brunswick to Paris, to pay homage to the king of Westphalia. He died May 2, 1809.

HENLEY, John; an English clergyman, possessed of considerable talents, but principally distinguished for the irregularity of his conduct, and commonly known, towards the middle of the last century, by the title of Orator Henley. He was educated at Cambridge, and entered into holy orders. After having conducted a free school, and held a curacy, he grew tired of his secluded situation, and went to London in search of an ampler field for his abilities. He was first engaged as a preacher at an Episcopal chapel. Dissatisfied with his prospects of church prefer

ment, he resigned his appointments, and commenced public orator. Having opened a chapel in the neighborhood of Newport market, he gave lectures on theological topics on Sundays, and other subjects on Wednesdays, every week. Novelty procured him a multitude of hearers; but he was too imprudent to gain any permanent advantage from his project. After having served as a butt for the satirical wits, poets and painters of his time, he removed his oratory to Clare market, and sunk into comparative obscurity and contempt, previously to his death in 1756.

HENLOPEN; a cape on the coast of Delaware, at the entrance of Delaware bay. It is 18 miles south-west of cape May. Latitude of the light-house on the cape, 38° 47′ N.; lon. 75° 10 W. The lighthouse is of an octagon form, handsomely built of stone, 115 feet high, and its foundation is nearly as much above the level of the sea.

HENNA PLANT (Lawsonia alba), the cyprus of the ancients, is a shrub bearing opposite entire leaves, and numerous small flowers, which are disposed in terminal panicles, and possess an agreeable odor. Externally it bears considerable resemblance to the European privet, but belongs to the natural family lythrarica. It grows in moist situations throughout the north of Africa, Arabia, Persia and the East Indies, and has acquired celebrity from being used by the inhabitants of those countries to dye the nails of their fingers, and the manes, hoofs, &c., of their horses. For this purpose the leaves are dried, powdered, and made into a paste with hot water, which, when applied to the above-mentioned parts, leaves a yellow color, requiring, however, to be renewed every three or four weeks. The Egyptian mummies have their nails stained yellow, probably by the use of the henna. This circumstance, however, is by some referred to the various drugs used in the process of embalming. It is cultivated extensively in Egypt, and the powdered leaves form a large article of export to Persia and the Turkish possessions. The coloring matter of this plant is very abundant, and it may be advantageously used for dyeing woollens, not only yellow, but brown of various shades, provided that alum and sulphate of iron be employed.

HENNEPIN, Louis, a French recollet friar, a missionary and a traveller in North America, was born in Flanders about 1640. He entered a convent, and, being sent by his superiors to Calais and Dunkirk, the stories he heard from the sailors

inspired him with a desire to visit distant countries. At length he embarked for Canada, and arrived at Quebec in 1675. Between that period and 1682, he explored the regions afterwards called Louisiana, and, returning to Europe, published an account of his researches, entitled Description de la Louisiane nouvellement découverte au sud-ouest de la Nouvelle France, avec la Carte du Pays, les Mœurs et la Manière de Vivre des Sauvages (Paris, 1683, 12mo.). He afterwards produced other works, containing fuller descriptions of the result of his observations.

HENRIETTA, Anna, of England, duchess of Orleans, daughter of king Charles I, was born at Exeter, England, June 16, 1644, amidst the turbulent scenes of the civil war. She was hardly three weeks old, when her mother fled with her to France, and, after the death of Charles, repaired to the convent of Chaillot, and there devoted herself to the education of her daughter. Henrietta united with great sweetness of character the charms of a beautiful person. Her nuptials with the brother of Louis XIV, Philip of France, duke of Orleans, were celebrated in March, 1661; and Louis XIV, to whom her hand had been offered, now seemed to regret that he had refused the lovely Henrietta. He did not conceal his admiration for her, and the princess is said not to have remained insensible to the homage of the king. This circumstance, and the indiscretion with which she permitted the attentions of some of the courtiers, excited the jealousy of the duke of Orleans, and rendered their marriage unhappy. Henrietta would have suffered more from the severe and gloomy character of her husband, had she not found protection in the king, who afterwards employed her mediation in political affairs. Louis XIV was desirous of detaching her brother, Charles II, from the triple alliance with Holland and Sweden, in order to accomplish his plan of obtaining possession of a part of Holland. As the common method of diplomatic transactions was not sufficient for this purpose, Louis resolved to make his sister-in-law his confidant in this affair, and the duchess of Orleans embraced his proposals with the greater readiness, as they flattered her pride, and opened a wide field for her spirit of intrigue. She went, therefore, in 1670, with the court, to Flanders, and, under pretence of visiting her brother, passed over to Dover, where Charles was awaiting her arrival. Mademoiselle de Kéroual, a native of Brittany (afterwards mistress of

Charles II, under the title of duchess of Portsmouth), accompanied her. The persuasions of the sister, aided by the charms of her companion, succeeded in gaining Charles II, in the short space of ten days, entirely to the interest of Louis. Soon after madame d'Orleans' return to France, while all were eager to offer their congratulations on her success, she was suddenly seized with violent pains, which terminated her life at St. Cloud, June 29, 1670. A suspicion of poison was immediately excited, and, although, on an examination of the body in the presence of the English ambassador, the physicians asserted the contrary, there is little doubt, that she fell, in the flower of her age, a sacrifice to a base revenge. It may be gathered from the facts collected by the second wife of the duke of Orleans, the princess of Bavaria, and from other accounts, that the chevalier de Lorraine (the intimate friend of her husband) was considered the contriver of this detestable crime. He was then living in exile in Rome, was desirous of returning to France, and knew her to be the only obstacle to his return. The circumstance that Louis XIV permitted the chevalier, two years after the death of the duchess, to appear again at court, and raised him to the dignity of a marshal of France, by no means weakens this suspicion, since the king then stood in need of the influence of the chevalier over the duke of Orleans. The sweetness of her manners made this unfortunate princess an object of general regret, and her grace and beauty often caused her to be compared with her still more unfortunate ancestor, Mary Stuart. It is related that the oral confession made to Louis XIV by the maitre d'hôtel of the duchess, entirely convinced the king of the guilt of the chevalier de Lorraine, but that motives of policy, both in regard to his brother and to England, induced him to throw a veil over the whole transaction, and to leave even the actual perpetrator of it unpunished. Bossuet pronounced her funeral oration.

HENRY I (the Fowler; a surname which, according to the account of recent writers, he received from the circumstance that the messengers of the German princes, sent to announce his election, found him engaged in fowling) was born in the year 876, and was the son of Otho the Illustrious, duke of Saxony, who had refused the regal dignity offered him in 912. Henry, on the death of his father, became duke of Saxony and Thuringia. He was elected sovereign of Germany in

919, at Fritzlar. He had to contend with anarchy within and enemies abroad, but leis prudence and activity overcame these difficulties. Lorraine, which had been separated from Germany by the Western Franks, Henry reunited to the German empire in 923, and erected it into a duchy. During the disturbances in Germany, the Hungarians had often made inroads without meeting much resistance, and compelled the payment of a yearly tribute. A general of the Hungarians having been made prisoner, Henry released him without ransom, and, in 924, made a truce of nine years with these barbarians without paying tribute. During this time, he improved the art of war among the Germans, exercised the troops, and gave a new arrangement to the cavalry, whose heavy armor had hitherto prevented it from effecting any thing against the Hungarian light-horse. One of the most useful measures which Henry adopted for the defence of Northern Germany was, the surrounding the cities, which for the most part were nothing but a collection of log and mud huts, with walls and ditches. The ninth part of the nobility and freemen were compelled to remove to these cities, and those who remained without the city had habitations provided for them in case of a hostile invasion; provisions were also brought in from the country for their support. All public meetings for the discussion of public affairs, he provided, should be held in these cities. These measures gradually formed a third estate, to which Germany and other countries are chiefly indebted for their progressive civilization, since in the cities originated the mechanical trades, manufactures and commerce. While Henry thus provided for the internal regulation of Germany, he attended no less to the protection of the frontiers. In order to prevent the invasions of the Normans or Danes, he carried the war into their own country, and thus extended the limits of Germany over the Eyder as far as Sleswic, where he founded a Saxon colony, and placed a margrave, in 931. Different Sclavonic and Wendish tribes in the Mark and in Meissen, as well as the Bohemians, were compelled to submit to him; and he founded the margraviates of Meissen in 927, and North Saxony, afterwards Brandenburg, in 931. At the end of the nine years' truce with the Hungarians, he refused the tribute. They entered Thuringia and Saxony with two armies, but were completely routed by Henry before Merseburg (in 933 and 934). They were obliged to flee with the loss

of all their booty and prisoners. This success was the fruit of the improvements in discipline which Henry had introduced, and of the reputation which he had acquired among the Germans, who now willingly supported him. The Hungarians did not dare, for a long time after, to repeat their incursions into Germany. After these successes, Henry desired to go to Italy, in order to be crowned emperor at Rome; but he died in 936, at Memleben, a little more than 60 years old, after a fortunate and glorious reign of 16 years, and was buried with great pomp at Quedlingburg. He was distinguished for excellent qualities, mental and bodily. His naturally clear understanding supplied his defects of learning. He has been reproached for his love of show, and the impetuosity of his temper. What he had begun, his son and successor, Otho I, gloriously completed.

HENRY III, son of the emperor Conrad II, and descended from the Salian Franks, was born in 1017, and succeeded his father in the imperial dignity, 1039. He had already been chosen king in 1027. Nature had given him the talents, and education the character, suitable for an able ruler. The church was compelled to acknowledge its dependence on him. Upon his first journey over the Alps, in 1046, he deposed three popes, put upon the vacant chair a new one, Clement II, and established his right to interfere in the choice of the Roman bishop so firmly, that as long as he lived the papal chair was filled in submission to his will. The remainder of the clergy were also under his strict scrutiny. In all parts of his German, Italian and Burgundiau territories, no spiritual dignitary dared to bestow any important office, or to appropriate the property of the church, without consulting him. The temporal lords he held not merely in dependence, but in actual subjection. The duchies and counties he filled or left vacant at his pleasure, and the whole empire was at length changed into a monarchy dependent upon the king alone. Henry now reigned despotically, but displayed, in every thing which he undertook, a steady and persevering spirit. All classes were at length dissatisfied with him; however, the priests and clergy, on account of his great show of piety, gave him their approbation, and the surname of the pious. Henry died in 1056, at Bothfeld, after he had, three years before, caused his son to be chosen his successor.

HENRY IV, the son of the preceding, was born in 1050, and at the death of his father was only five years old.