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EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS EMPLOYED IN

THIS VOCABULARY.

Arab. Arabic.

Port. Portuguese.

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pron. pronunciation.

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Rus. Russian.

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Spanish.

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Swedish.

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Turk. Turkish.

Norw. Norwegian.

Gt and k,t small capitals, indicate the sound of the Ger man ch, or one similar to it. (See 31.)*

H,t small capital, has a sound somewhat similar to the preceding, but more resembling a strongly aspirated A.

L, small capital (I liquid), is to be pronounced like li in

synonymous with. million; it blends the sounds of I and y consonant.

The vowels a, e, i, o, marked with a point underneath, have an obscure sound similar to short u; thus, Merton should be pronounced mürtün or mürt'n.

â is broad, having a sound similar to o in not.

ö has a sound similar to e in her (see 13);* it may be Anglicized by e.

ü is like the French u (see 5), which it is employed in pronunciation to represent; it may be Anglicized by the English u.

u, small capital, is intended to represent the sound of the French eu (see 11);* it should be pronounced like u in the English word fur.

D, small capital, is intended to represent a sound similar to th in this. (See 19.)*

M and N, small capitals, are nasal, being similar in sound tong. (See 23.)*

it is pronounced like ni in minion; it blends the sounds of n and y consonant. (See 24 and 33.)*

R,t small capital, has the sound of or in terror. (See 26.)* wt has a sound similar to our v.

y and ey, at the end of an unaccented syllable, sound like

e in me.

ai and ay are considered to be equivalent to a in fate. au and aw have the sound of a in fall.

ěě indicates a sound similar to i in the first syllable of spirit. ow, when the o is not marked long (ow), is to be pro nounced like ou in hour.

gh is employed in pronunciation for g hard.
sounds like z.

th is to be pronounced like th in this.

The sounds of the figured vowels are explained in the Vocabulary at the bottom of the page.

OBSERVATIONS NECESSARY TO BE BORNE IN MIND BY THOSE WHO MAKE USE OF THIS VOCABULARY.

1. EVERY letter or combination of letters occurring in the pronunciation of a word or name, is to be pronounced with its proper English sound; e. g., ou is to be sounded as in our, sour, &c., and not like oo, as in tour, and some other words of French origin; chas in chill, choose, &c. From not attending to this, many persons fail to pronounce names correct ly, even while they have the pronunciation clearly and accurately marked before their eyes. We have represented the pronunciation of BRESLAU by breslou; many readers, without examination, call it bresloo, forgetting that the proper English sound of ou is like ow in cow. Had we written bres'low, many would have called it breslo. We have, however, in this Vocabulary made use of ow in a number of instances where we thought it less likely to be misunderstood than ou. Again, we have given che-wåwå as the pronunciation of Chihua. hua; a number of persons, however, with this pronunciation before them, have called it she-wå'wa, not considering that if such had been the true sound, we should have written it with sh. Cholula is also most improperly pronounced sholoo'lå. All persons desirous of speaking correctly, should carefully guard against this vicious pronunciation, bearing in mind that ch, in Spanish and Mexican names, is ALWAYS to be pronounced as in our word chill, or like tch in watch.

with others entirely different in spelling and signification. By this faulty pronunciation bon (good) is sounded like bas (ban or exile); it should, be bon-almost bồng or bông. Toulon should either be entirely Anglicized (as too'lan), or else pronounced too-lon-almost too-long. For the same reasons, eu in names not Anglicized should have its distinct sound, like our u in fur, and not be confounded with the French ou or u. There is no sufficient reason why the French names Dreuz (drüh) and Drouz (droo). Leure (lus) and Lure (lüre), should not be distinguished from each other in pronunciation, as well as our words grum and groom, сиг and cure,

4. In the pronunciation of foreign names, the speaker should be careful to pronounce all vowels, whether in an accented or unaccented syllable, distinctly, if they are not expressly marked as obscure. Perhaps the only exception to this rule is å in an unaccented syllable. But even here the vowel should not be entirely obscure, like the a in boa, but intermediate between this sound and that of the interjection ah.

5. In speaking French names, it is important to distinguish carefully between ån and as: the former is broad, alinost like ong; the latter is very flat, and similar to ang.

6. When h (not small capital) occurs at the end of a syl lable in the pronunciation of a name, it is not to be sounded It is employed to enable the learner more readily to pronounce the preceding vowel short, as druk, ob-oh, &c.

2. In the pronunciation of foreign names, particular care should be taken not to allow å to fall into the third or broad sound of this vowel-an error to which American and English speakers are very prone; it would be far better, generally speaking, to pronounce it like a in fat. It may be obtermediate between å and a, but more resembling the latter,

served, however, that a before a nasal in French is usually broad, almost like o in not; thus, ban is pronounced almost like bong.

3. In pronouncing French words containing on nasal, the speaker should be careful not to give o its short sound, since this is not only incorrect, but is liable to confound the word

7. Ah is employed in this Vocabulary to denote a sound in

as al-a-bah'ma, co-lo-rah'do. The speaker should be very careful not to pronounce the penultimate a in these names like that in far or father.

8. An acute accent (') is used to mark the primary accent of a name; a grave (') to mark the secondary accent; eg Pas'sa-ma-quod'dy.

*** THE reader may observe, that, in this Vocabulary, we have not followed the method of marking the pronunciation adopted in the foregoing part of the work. We have not done so, because it was necessary to form a system of notation not adapted to one language merely, but capable of be ing applied to all the variety of sounds in the different European languages. It may also be remarked that the second or Italian sound of a (which occurs in the pronunciation of foreign names far more frequently than any other vowel

* These figures refer to the Elements of Pronunciation given on the preceding page.

sound) is represented in the Dictionary by a. To this char-
acter there can not be the slightest objection when we
wish to mark the sounds of English words only. It is, how-
ever, far otherwise with regard to foreign names, because
in several of the continental languages, has the sound of &
not of å; and to assign to the same character, when pro-
nouncing names in those languages, two entirely different
and distinct sounds, would evidently lead to great embar
rassment and confusion.

nounce these letters with their proper English sound; and in, when occurring in the pronunciation of a name, may

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Aath, ååt, syn. Ath.

Abakan, å-ba-kan'.

Abakansk, å bå kånsk'.

Abancay, å-ban-ki.

Abano, a-ba'no.

Abascia or Abassia, ab-ash'e-a.

ANJ

Almunecar, al-moo-na-kar'.

Alnwick or Alnewick, an'nik.

Al-pe'na.

Alps, alps.

Alsace, alsåss'.

Als, åls, or Alsen, ålsen.

Altai, ål-ti'.

Altamaha, aulta-ma-hau'.

Altamira, ål-tå-mee'rå.

Altamura, ål-ta-moo'rå.

Alten-burg (Ger. pron. ål'ten-bÖÖRG).

Abbeville (France), åbb'veel or abb'vill'. Aix-la-Chapelle, aks-la-sha'pell' (Ger. Alton, aul'tun.

Abbeville (S. C.), ab'be-vil.

Ab'er-broth'ock or Arbroath.

Ab-er-deen'.

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Ahanta, a-han'tă.

Ahmed-nug ger.

Aichstadt. See Eichstädt.

Ain, an.

Aintab, ine-tab'.

Aisne, ane.

Aix, āks.

Aachen, aa'ken).

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sometimes Ekhmym.

Amarapoura. See Ummerapoora.

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å-boo- Alabama, al-a-bah'mạ.

Am'a-zon (Sp. Marañon, ma-ran-yone',

Alachua, al-atch'u-a.

called, also, Orellana, o-rel-ya'nå).

Am-a-zo'ni-a.

Am'berg (Ger. pron. Amberg).

Alamos, a'la-moce.

Ambert. am bair'.

Aland, Aland (Sw. Aland, öland).

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Akhmym or Achmim, &x-meem', written

Akshehr, Akchehr, or Akscheher, åk- Amasera or Amasreh, å-mas'ra.

Abootizh, Aboutige, or Aboutij, &-boo- Alais, ala'.

tizh'; written, also, Abutisch and Aboo- Alamo, ala-mo.

tish.

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Alashohr or Alaschehr, ala-sheh'r or Am-boy'.

å-là-shaher.

Alba, al'bå.

Albacete, al-ba-tha'th.

Alba Ju'li-a, syn. Karlsburg.

Al-ba'ni-a (Turk. Arnaootleek or Arna- Amersfort or Amersfoort, å'mers-fört.

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Adige, A'de-je (It. pron. &'de-ja, Ger. Alderney, aul'der-ne.

Etsch, etch).

Adirbeitzan. See Azerbaijan.

Ad-i-ron'dack.

Alem-Tejo or Alen-Tejo, a-leng-ta'zho.

Alençon, a-len'son (Fr. pron. lANSON).

Al-ep'po, or Haleb, håleb.

Adlerberg, å'dler-berg, or Arlberg, arl- Aleria, å-là-reca.

berg.

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Alessandria, ål-es-san'dre-a.

Aleutian, a-lu'she-an, or Aleutan, a-lu'tan.

Al-ex-an-dret'tą, syn. Scanderoon.

Al-ex-an'dri-a.

Alford, aul'furd.

Algarve, al-gar'vå, or Al-gar bi-a.

Amretsir, am-ret-seer', or Um-rit-seer.

Am'ster-dam.

Amu. See Amoo.

Amur. See Amoor.

An-a-deer' or Anadir.

Anahuac, an-a-wak'.

An-a-toli-a, syn. Natolia.

Ancona, an-co'na.

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Algeziras, alg-ez-ce'ras, or Algeciras (Sp. Andujar or Anduxar, an-doo'rar.

Etna, pronounced, and often written, Alhama, al-a'ma.

A'dri-atic.

pron, of both, ål-na-thee'rås).

Ærõe, aro or d'rő-eh.

Algiers, al-jeerz'.

Et'na.

Alicante, å-le-kån'tå, or Al-I-cant

Alicata, a-le-kåtå.

Alkmaar or Alkınaer, alk-mar'.

Allahabad, allah-ha-båd'.

Afri-ca.

Alle, alleh.

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Afghanistan, åf-ganistan'.

Afioom, Afioum, or Afium, å-fe-oom'.

Afragola, &-fra-golå.

Agen, Azhan'. [This is an exception to Allen.

a general rule: the regular pronuncia- Allier, alle-d'.

tion would be a zhân', almost a-zhōng.) Allo-a,

Agnone, an-yo'na.

Agosta, å-gos'tå.

Agra, &'gra.

Aguadilla, A-gwa-Deel'ya

Almaden, Al-ma-Den'.

Almansa, al-man'så.

Almeida, al-ma'e-da.

Almeria, ål-mà-ree'a.

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Fåte, får, fåll, fất; mẻ, một; no, not; a, e, i, o, obscure; ā, ē, 1, ō, ů, long; ă, ě, 1, 0, ů, short; oo as in moon; do as in good;

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Ardrah.

Arensberg, A'rens-bera, syn. Arnsberg.

Arequipa, å-rá-kee'på.

Arezzo, a-ret'so.

Argentan, ar'zhantan'.

Argenteuil, ar ZhÅN TUL'.

Argentine (ar'jen-tine) Republic (Sp.

publica Argentina, rà-poob'le-ka

Hen-tee'nå), syn. La Plata.

Argentiere, ar ZhAN'Te-air'.

Argoon, Argoun, or Argon, ar-goon'.

Argostoli, ar-gos'to-le.

Argun. See Argoon.

Argyle or Argyll, ar-ghyle'.

Argyro Castro, ar'ghe-ro kås'tro.

Arica, a-ree'ka.

Ariège, a're-aizh'.

Arispe, a-ris'på.

Atooi. See Atuai.

Atri, A'tre.

Atta-la.

Attigny, åt' teen'ye'.

Badku, båd-koo', syn, Bakoo.

Baeza or Baeça, bắ-à thẩ

Baffa, baf'fa

Baf'fin's (Bay).

Bagdad, bag-dâd' or bag'dad; written, also, Bagdat.

Bagnarea, bån-yā-ra'a.

Bagnères de Bigorre, bån yairn' đẹh bể

gorr'.

Bagnères de Luchon, ban'yais' dẹh lừ

shÒN.

Bagnols, ban yol.

Bahamas, bạ-hàmaz.

Bahar, bå-har.

Bahari, ba''гее.

Bahia, bå-ee'a, or San Salvador, sån sål

vå-dor.

Bahrein, bah-rane'.

Bahr-el-Abiad, bar-el-abe-ad.

Bahr-el-Azrek, bar-el-az'rek'.

At-tock' or Attock Benares, at-tock' ben- Baikal, bi'kål.

A'rez.

Atuai, at-oo-1', or Tauai, tou-i'.

Aube, õbe.

Auburn.

Aubusson, öbüs'sON'.

Re- Auch, ōsh.

an- Aude, õde.

Audenarde, öden-ard', syn. Oudenarde. Auerbach, ou'er-bak.

Augsburg (Ger. pron. ougsbÕÕRG).

Au-gus'ta or Agosta.

Augustine (St.), au-gus-teen'.

Aurich, ow'rik.

Aurungabad, ō-rung-ga-bad'.

Aus'ter-litz (Ger. pron. ous'ter-lits).
Australasia, aus-tral-A'she-a.
Australia, aus-tra'le-a.

Ar-kan'sas, formerly pronounced, and Austria (Ger. Oestreich, östrike). sometimes written, Arkan-saw.

[blocks in formation]

Baireuth, birüth (Ger. pron, biroit)

Bairout. See Beyroot.

Baja, ba'ya

Bajazid. See Bayazid.

Bal'a-ghauts.

Balaruc, balarük.

Bal'a-sore'.

[blocks in formation]

Auxonne, öx'onn', or Aussonne, ös'sonn'. Ballston Spa, bauls'ton spå or spaw.

Au-tauga.

Autun, ötun'.

Aux Cayes, ō kay.

Auxerre, ō-sair'.

Ava, a'va.

Avallon, avalION'.

Aveiro, a-va'e-ro.

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Avatchka. See Awatska.

Arn'hem; written, also, Arnheim, arn'- Avella, a-vella.

hime.

[blocks in formation]

Baltic, baultic.

Baltimore, baulte-more or bault'e-mor

Baltingglass, bault-ing-glass.

Bam-bar'ra.

Bam'berg (Ger. pron. bambeRG).

Bam-book'; written, also, Bambouk and Bambuk.

[blocks in formation]

Beaune, bone.

Beauvais, bova.

Beccles, bek'klz.

Bedfordshire, bed'furd-shir.

BOG

Benguela, ben-gala

Benin, ben-een'.

Ben'ning-ton.

Ben-sä'lem.

Bensheim, bens'hime.

Bentheim, bent hime.

Bentivoglio, ben-te-vole'yo.

Berar, ba-rar.

Berat, ber-åt.

Beresina or Berezina, ber-ez-ee'nå.

Ber-ez-off'; written, also, Berezow.

Bergamo, ber'gå-mo.

Bergen, ber'ghen (in Europe).

[blocks in formation]

Berg'en (in the U.S.). [Bergen, in West- Bom-bay'.

ern New York, is almost universally

pronounced ber'jen.]

Bergopzoom, běRG'op-zōme.

Bergues, berg.

Berkley, berk'le.

Berkshire, berk'shir.

Berlin (Ger. pron. ber-leen').

Bermudas, ber-moodaz, or Ber-moo'-
thes.

Bern or Berne (Fr. and Ger. pron. bean).

Ber'nard.

Bernardotte, bernar-doť.

Ber'ri-en.

Bertie, ber-tee'.

Berut. See Beyroot.

Berwick, ber'rik (in England).

Berwick (in the U. S.).

Berwickshire, ber'rik-shir.

Besançon, bez-AN'SON'.

Bes-sa-rabi-a or Bes-a-råbe-a.

Beth-ab'a-ra.

Bev'el-and (Dutch pron. bå'vel-ant).

Bev'er-en.

Beverley, bev'er-le.

Beverly, bev'er-le.

Bewdley, budele.

Beyra or Beira, ba'e-rå.

Bo'na.

Bo-nair (Sp. Buen Ayre, bwån i'ra).
Bo'na-ven-tu'ra, syn. Buena Ventura.

Bo'na Vista or Boa Vista.

Bo-ness'.

Bonifaccio, bo-ne-fa'cho.

Bonita, bo-nee'tå.

Bonn, bönn.

Boom, bome.

Boone, boon.

Boos'są or Boussa.

Bootan, boo-tan', or Bhootan.

Bo-paul; written, also, Bhopal.

Borcette, bor'sett', syn. Burscheid.

Bordeaux, bor-do', syn. Bourdeaux.

Borgne, born.

Bor'ne-o.

Bornholm.

[blocks in formation]

Bexar (Sp. pron. ba-Har'; commonly
pronounced by the Texans beh-har or

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bar).

Both'ni-a.

pron. bi'root).

Beyroot, Berut, or Bairout, ba'root (Turk. Botzen (It. Bolzano, bol-za'no,.

Bhat gong'.

Bhoo-tân', syn. Bootan.

Bho-pâl', syn. Bopaul.

Bhurt'poor' or Bhurt-pore'.

Bialystok, be-al'is-tok.

Bid'de-ford or Bid'e-ford.

Bider, syn. Beeder.

Bielefeld, bee'leh-felt'.

Bilbao, bil-ba'o; often written and pro-
nounced, in English, Bilbo-a.

Biled-ul-Gerid, bil-ed-ool-jer-eed', syn.
Beled-el-Jereed.

Bills'ton.

Bing'en.

Binghamton, bing'um-tun.

Bio-bio, bee'o-bee'o.

Birket-el-Keroon, or Keroun, běěrket

Bedouin or Beduin, bed'öö-in, or Bed'o-el-ker-oon', or Birket-el-Koorn.

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Bouches du Rhône, boosh dü rone, syn.

Mouths of the Rhone.

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Blanc, Mount (Fr. Mont Blanc, mon Brahma, syn. Birma.

blần).

Brah'ma-poot'ra or Burrampooter.

Bran'den-burg (Ger. pron. brån den

Bel-ed-el-Jer-eed'; written, also, Beled-Blan'co.
el-Jerid, Belad-el-Djeryd, Beled-el- Blank'en-burg (Ger. pron. blanken bÕÕRG).
Jerede, and Biled-ul-Gerid.

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BUT

/

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Badakhshan.

Budweis, bood'wice.

Buen Ayre, bwen i'ra, syn. Bonair. Buenaventura, bwa-na-ven-too'rå.

Buena Vista, bwa'nå vis'tå.

Cali-cut.

Cal-i-for'ni-a.

Callao, kål-la'o, or kål-yā'ō.

Cal-la-poo'ya.

Calla-way.

Cal'mar or Kalmar.

Calne, kan

Caltagirone, kål-ta-je-ro'nå.

Caltanisetta, kal-tå-ne-settå.

[blocks in formation]

Camargo, ka-mar'go.

Buenos Ayres, bo'nus a'riz (Sp. pron. Camanche, ka-man'cha, syn. Comanche.

bwa'noce ï'rès).

Buf'fa-lo.

Bug, boog.

Builth, bilth.

Bulgaria, bool-gå're-a.

Bülkh, syn. Balkh.

Buncombe, bunk'um.

Cam-bay'.

Cam-bo'di-a, Cam-bo'dja, or Cam-boge'.

Cam'bray or Cambrai (Fr. pron. kâm

bra').

Cam'bri-a.

Cambridge, kamebrij.

Cambridgeshire, kamebrij-shir.

Bun'der Ab-as'see (or Abassi), syn. Gom- Cam'den. broon,

Buntzlau, böönts lou.

Burd'wân.

Bureau, bu'ro.

Burg (Ger. pron. böÖRG).

Burgos, boor'goce.

Caminha, kå-meen'ya.

Campagna, kam-pån'ya.

Campbell, kam'el.

Campbelltown, kam'el-town.

Campeachy, kam-pee'che (Mex. pron.

kam-pacha).

Burgun-dy (Fr. Bourgogne, boor'gon'). Cam'po Basso, kam'po bas'so.

Purke, burk.

Burling-ton.

Burma, syn. Birma.

Burnley, burn'le.

Burram-poo'ter, syn. Brahmapootra.

Bursa, boor'så or bru'sa.

Burscheid, boor'shite (Fr Borcette, bor'

sett').

[blocks in formation]

Can'a-da.

Canajoharie, kan`a-jo-har're.

Canandaigua, kan-an-da gua.

Can-a-nore'.

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Castelnandary, kastel nödare.

Castel Vetrano, kås-teľ và-trano.

Castile, kas-teel' (Sp. Castilla, kas-teeľʻyi).

Castiglione, kås-teel-yo'nȧ.

Castine, kas-teen'.

Castlebar, kas-sel-bar.

Castleton, kas'sel-tun.

Castres, kåstr.

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