12 RULES FOR PRONOUNCING GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. lion, a word of the same form and origin, is pronounced with the accent on the antepenultimate, like Deucalion and Pygmalion; and this, if I mistake not, is the common pronunciation of a ship in the British navy, so called from the name of the Argonauts, who accompanied Jason on his expedition to Colchis to fetch the golden fleece. 30. The same difficulty of deciding between common usage and classical propriety appears in words ending in ia, as Alexandria, Antiochia, Seleucia, Samaria, Iphigenia, and several others, which were pronounced by our ancestors, as appears from their poetry, according to our own analogy, with the accent on the antepenultimate syllable; and there is no doubt but every word of this form would have fallen into the same accentuation, if classical criticism had not stepped in and prevented it. A philosophical grammarian would be apt to think we are not much obliged to scholars for this interruption of the vernacular current of pronuncia tion; but, as there is so plausible a plea as that of reducing words to their original languages, and as a knowledge of these languages will always be an honorable distinction among men, it is strongly to be suspected that these words will not long continue in their plain, homespun, English dress. This critical correction, however, seems to have come too late for some words, which, as Pope expresses it, have "slid into verse," and taken possession of our ears, and therefore, perhaps, the best way of disposing of them will be to consider them as the ancients did the quantity of certain doubtful syllables, and to pronounce them either way. Some, however, seem always to have preserved the accent of their original language, as Thalia and Sophia; but Iphigenia, Antiochia, Seleucia, and Samaria have generally yielded to the English antepenultimate accent, and Erythia, Deidamia, Laodamia, Hippodamia, Apamia, Nithyia, and Orithyia, from their seldom appearing in mere English composition, have not often been drawn aside into plain English pronunciation. The same may be observed of words ending in nicus or nice: if they are compounded of the Greek νικη, the penultimate syllable is always long, and must have the accent, as Stratonicus, Berenice, &c.; if this termination be * These words are written in Greek with the diphthong ει; but in Latin the penultima may be considered common, as that in Academia, which is spelled with ɛt in Greek, but made short by Juvenal. In English, therefore, it would be the worst of affectation to accent them otherwise than long-established usage warrants. A characteristic anecdote is related of the late eccentric Dr. Parr, in reference to the modern pronunciation of them. Being one day consulted by an amiable professor as to the propriety of accenting the penultima of the word Alexandria, he surprised him with the following satisfactory admonition: I must call it Alexandria; but I would advise you to call it Alexan'dria-Trollope. what is called a gentile, signifying a man by his country, the penultimate is short, and the accent is on the antepenultimate, as Macedonicus, Sardonicus, Britannicus, &c. See ANDRONICUS. 31. Thus we see many of these proper names are of dubious accentuation; and the authorities which may be produced on both sides sufficiently show us the inutility of criticising beyond a certain point. It is in these as in many English words: there are some which, if mispronounced, immediately show a want of education; and there are oth ers which, though not pronounced in the most erudite man ner, stamp no imputation of ignorance or illiteracy. To have a general knowledge, therefore, of the pronunciation of these words, seems absolutely necessary for those who would sp pear respectable in the more respectable part of society Perhaps no people on earth are so correct in their accentu ation of proper names as the learned among the English The Port Royal Grammar inforins us that, "notwithstanding all the rules that can be given, we are often under the ne cessity of submitting to custom, and of accommodating our pronunciation to what is received among the learned, ac cording to the country we are in." "So we pronounce." says the grammarian, "Aristobulus,* Basilius, Idolium, with the accent on the antepenultimate, though the penultimate is long, because it is the custom; and, on the contrary, we pronounce Andréas, idea, Maria, &c., with the accent on the penultimate, though it is short, because it is the custom of the most learned. The Italians," continues he, "place the accent on the penultimate of antonomasia, harmonia, philos ophia, theologia, and similar words, according to the Greek accent, because, as Ricciolius observes, it is the custom of their country. Alvarez and Gretser think we ought always to pronounce them in this manner, though the custom not only of Germany and Spain, but of all France, is against it; but Nebrissensis authorizes this last pronunciation, and says that it is better to place the accent of these vowels on the antepenultimate syllable, which shows," concludes the grammarian, "that when we once depart from the ancient rules, we have but little certainty in practice, which is so different in different countries." But however uncertain and desultory the accentuation of many words may be, it is a great satisfaction to a speaker to know that they are so. There is a wide difference between pronouncing words of this kind ignorantly and knowingly. A person who knows that scholars themselves differ in the pronunciation of these words can always pronounce with security; but one who is unacquainted with the state of the accent is not sure that he is right when he really is so, and always pronounces at his peril. * Our author properly accents Aristobulus; but the error of the grammarian does not affect the argument.-Trollupe *** It is hoped the candid peruser of this work will make allowances for an occasional error in dividing a syllable or placing an accent, when he reflects on the difficulty with which such a work must necessarily be attended. The au thor flatters himself, however, that such attention has been paid both to the compilation and the proofs, that the fewest errors imaginable have escaped him. PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. INITIAL VOCABULARY. The figures annexed to the words refer to the Rules pre- | fixed to the work. Thus, the figure 3 after Achai refers to Rule the 3d for the pronunciation of the final i; and the figure 4 after Abii refers to Rule the 4th for the pronunciation of the unaccented i, not final; and so of the rest. When the letters Eng. are put after a word, it is to show that this word is the preceding word Anglicized. AB A'BA and Abæ1 Ab'a-a Ab'a-ba * A-bac'e-na Ab-a-ce'ne 8 † A-bæ'a Ab'a-ga * A-baga-rus Ab'a-lus 20 Ab-an-ti'a-des 1 A-ban'ti-das 4 A-ban'tis A-bari-mon 4 A-ba'rus 1 * Ab'a-sa Ab-a-si'tis 71 Ab-as-se'na 17 Ab-as-se'ni A-bas'sus 7 Ab-da-loni-mus 4 Ab'a-tos 7 Ab-de'ra 17 Ab-de'ri-a 147 Ab-de-ri'tes 1 Ab-de'rus 1 A-be-a'tæ 715 * Ab-e-a'tæ A-bella 7 † Ab-el-la'ni † Ab-el-li'num Ab-el-li'nus * A-belus AC A-bob'ri-ca 4 * Ab'o-tis *A-braha-mus A-bren'ti-us 10 A-broc'o-mas Ab-ro-di-sætus 4 A-bryp'o-lis 6 Ab-sin'thi-i 4 † Ab-syrti-des Ab-syr'tos 6 Ab-syrtus 6 Ab-y-de'ni 6 A-by'di 6 Ac-a-callis 7 Ac-a-ce'si-um 10 Ab'ga-rus or A-bag'a-rus A-ca'ci-us 10 † Ab'e-lux A-ben'da 7 * Ab-es-salon A'bi-a 147 A'bi-i 4 Abi-la 47 A-bisa-res 7 A-bis'a-ris 7 Ab-i-son'tes 4 * A-ble'rus A-bletes 1 ↑ Ab'no-ba * Ab'no-bi † Aca-cus Ac-a-de'mi-a 7 Ac-a-de'mus *A-cæn'i-tus A-calle 8 Ac-e-di'ci 3 24 Ac'e-la * Ac'e-le † Ac'e-lum 24 * A-ceph'a-li Ac-e-ra'tus 27 A-cerbas Ac-e-rina 1 A-cer'ræ 4 Ac-er-sec'o-mes A'ces 7 A-ce'si-a 10 Ac-e-si'nes 1 Ac-e-si'nus 1 A-ce'si-us 10 A-ces'ta 7 A-ces'tes A-ces'ti-um 10 Ac-es-to-do'rus A-ces-tori-des A-ce'tes 1 Aba. Every a ending a syllable, with the accent upon it, is pronounced like the a in the English words fa-vor, la-bor, ta-per, &c. See Rule the 1st, prefixed to this Vocabulary. Abana-Every unaccented a, whether initial, medial, or Ach-e-lo'us * A-chelus AC * A-che'ras Ach-e-ron'ti-a 10 * A-chilas Ach-il-leum Ach-o-lai 3 or *Ac-in-dy'nus and * A-cin'dy-nus A'cis * Ac-o-ly'ti A-co'nas 4 * Ac'o-ne A-con'tes A-con'te-us A-con'ti-us 10 *Ac-on-tob'o-li A-con-to-bulus A'cra A-cre'a 7 AC A-cræph'ni-a 7 † A'cri A'cri-as 4 Ac-ri-doph'a-gi 3 A-cris-i-o-ne'us A-critas 1 *Ac-ro-ce-rau'ni-a Ac-ro-ce-rau'ni-um Ach-a-by'tos3 12 A-chæi-um A-chæm'e-nes Ach-se-me'ni-a * A-cha'is A-co'ris * Ac'o-rus *Ac-ro-ce-re'tes *A-croc'o-mæ Ac-ro-co-rin'thus * A-cro'ma A'cron 1 * A-crop'a-thos Ac-ro-pa'tos A-crop'o-lis * Ac-ro-re'a * Ac-ro-re'i Ac'ro-ta A-croťa-tus *Ac-ro-thoi *Ac-ro-tho'on Ac-roth'o-o8 *Ac-ro-tho'um Ac'ta 7 Ac-te'a 7 Ac-ta'on 4 Ac'te 8 Ac-tis'a-nes Ac-tori-des * Acto-ris † A-cule-o the a in father. See Rule the 7th, prefixed to this Vocabu lary. lary Achabytos. Ch, in this and all the subsequent words, have the sound of k. Thus, Achabytos, Achaa, Achates, &c, are pronounced as if written Akabytos, Akea, Akates, &c. E-ga'us E-ge'e E-gæ'on E-gæ'um * E-sa'rus and Æs'a-rus* Ag-a-pe'tus Æs'chi-nes 22 Æs'chi-ron Æschri-on 12 Æs-chy-lides Æschy-lus 21 Æs-cu-la'pi-us 22 E-se'pus F-ser'ni-a E-si'on 11 E-soni-des * Æs-o-pe'us E'sop (Eng.) Es'u-a † A'gar Ag-a-re'ni 3 A-gasi-cles * A-ga'so Ag-ath-ar chus * Aga-thi Diem'o * Ag-a-thi'a A-ga'thi-as Ag-a-thinus Æ-mo'ni-a Æ-moni-des 1 Æs'u-la Ag-a-tho-ny mus *Ag-a-thon'y-mus * A-gath'o-pus Ag-a-thos the-nes *E-thali-os * E-thi'ces Ag-a-thyr num Ag-a-thyr'si 3 * Æthi-cus † Ag-a-thy'rus E-thi'on * E-thi'o-pes E-thi-o'pi-a 22 A-gauî 3 A-ga've A-ga'vus * Ag-bata-na Ag-des'tis Ag-e-e'na * Ag-e-la'das Ag-e-lastus E'ti-on 11 or E-e'ti-on Ag-e-la'us Ad-herbas * A-di-a-be'ne A-di-an'te 8 A-di-ato-rix Ad-i-man'tus * A-do'ne-us or * Ad-o-ne'us A-do'ni-a * A-dra'ne A-dra'num A-dras'ti-a or † Ad-ras-ti'a * Ad-ras-ti'i Cam'pi * Ad-ras-ti'ne A-dras'tus * A-dre'ne A'dri-a 23 A-dri-an-op'o-lis A-dri-a'nus A'dri-an (Eng.) Ad-ri-me'tum Ad-u-ati-ci 4 * A-du'la * A-dulas * A-du'lis * Ad-u-li'ton A-dyr-ma-chi'de or * Ad-yr-mach'i-dæ E-al 7 E-a-ce'a E-aci-das E-aci-des * E-a-ci'um E'a-cus E-gale-os E-gale-um Egan Æ'gas 5 E-ga'tes E-ge'as or* E'ge-as E-ge'le-on * E-geli Æ-ge'ri-a E-ges'ta E-ge'us E-gia-le E-gi-ale-us 22 E-gi-ali-a 22 4 E-gi'a-lus * Ægico-res E-gi'des E-gila or* Æg'i-la E-gili-a * Æg'i-lips E-gim'i-us Æg-i-mo'rus or * E-gim'o-rus *Æ-gim'u-rus E-gina Æg-i-ne'tes Æ-na'ri-a E-ne'a or Æ-nei-a Æ-ne'is and Æ'ne-is 4 Æthli-us E-ni'a-cus * En'i-cus * Æ-ni'dæ E-ni'o-chi 12 E'thon E'thra E-thu'sa E'ti-a 10 *E-ti-o-ne'a * Æ-tites E'ti-us3 10 Æg-i-ne'ta E-gi'o-chus * Ag-e-le'a * Ag'e-les E-gob'o-lus A-goc'e-ros * Æg-o-ne'a * E-go'nes Æg-o-sa'ge Eg-os-pota-mos E-gos'the-na Æ'gus Ægy 6 * Ægy-la Æg-y-pa'nes E-gyp'sus Æp'u-lo 21 Æp'y-tus Æ'qui 3 E-quic'o-li Eq-ui-meli-um Æ'ri-as Æro-pe * A-ero-pe Æro-pus * A-ero-pus * Es'a-cos Æs'a-cus * E-sa'ge-a 1 Ea. This diphthong is merely ocular, for the a has no share in the sound, though it appears in the type. Indeed, as we pronounce the a, there is no middle sound between thatletter and e, and therefore we have adopted the last vowel and relinquished the first. This, among other reasons, makes it probable that the Greeks and Romans pronounced the a as we do in water, and the e as we hear it in where and there; the middle or mixed sound then would be like a in father, which was probably the sound they gave to this diphthong. [In resolving the diphthong @, the old Latin poets employed ai, as if from the Greek αι. Thus, aulai, for aula, and the like. Hence it appears that both the vowels in the diphthong were sounded, but the latter more faintly than the former. In English, of course, we can do no better than retain the Vernacular sound of double e.-Trollope. A-fra'ni-us Af'ri-ca 7 * Af'ri-cus * Aga-bus * A-gacly-tus A-ga-gri-a'næ Ag-a-las'ses A-galla 7 * Aga-me * Ag-a-me'de Ag-a-me'des Ag-a-mem'non Ag-a-mem-no'ni-us Ag-a-me'tor A-gam'ma-tæ Ag-am-nes'tor * Ag'a-mus Ag-a-nip'pe A-gen'a-tha Ag-en-dicum A-ge'si-as 10 * A-ges-i-da'mus A-ges-i-la'us Ag-e-sip'o-lis * A-ge'tor * A-ge'tus Ag-lai-a * Ag-lao-pes is in English pronunciation either long or short, according to the accent or position of it. Thus, if it immediately precedes the accent, as in Ægeus, or with the accent on it, before a single consonant, in a word of two syllables, it is long, as in Ægis; before two consonants it is short, as in Egles; or before one only, if the accent be on the antepenultimate, as Æropus. For the exceptions to this rule, see Rule 22; [and Note.-Trollope.] 3 Etius. One of the generals of Valentinian the Third, which, Labbe tells us, ought properly to be written Actias, that is, without the diphthong. We may observe, that, as this word comes from the Greek, but is Latinized, it is pronounced with the t like sh, as if written Ashius; but the preceding word, Etion, being pure Greek, does not conform to this analogy. See Rule the 11th and 20th. [Sce, also, nota AL AL A-græ'i or † A-grenses Al-bu-cilla Agra-gas A-graule A-grauli-a A-graulos A-grau-o-ni'tze A-gri-a'nes A-gric'o-la Ag-ri-gen'tum A-grin'i-um * A-gri'o-dos A-gri-o'ni-a A-gri'o-pas A-gri'o-pe * A-gri-oph'a-gi Ag-rip-pina A'gri-us Agro-las A-groter-a † A-gyi'e-us 5 A-gyl'e-us A-gylla Ag-yl-læ'us A-gyri-um and A-gyri-us A-gy'rus Ai-do'ne-us 5 A-gyr'tes A-hala 7 A'jax A-im'y-lus Al-a-ban'da † Al-a-ban di or † A-la-ban-den'ses Al-a-ban'di-cus Al'a-bus A-law'a A-læi 3 AM Am-mo'ni-i 3 Am-mo'the-a * Am-nem'o-nes Am'ni-as Am-ni'sus 3 * Am-ni'tes Am-ce-bæ'us 5 Am-o-me'tus * Am-om-phar'e-tus A'mor 1 A-mor'ges A-morgos Am'pe-lus Am-pe-lu'si-a Am-phi-a-la'us * Am-phia-lus Am-phi'a-nax Am-phi-a-rai-des * Am-phi-ar-a-e'um † Am-phic-ty'o-nes Am-phic-tyons (Eng.) Am-phid'a-mus * Am-phid'o-li Am-phi-dro'mi-a Am-phi-ge'ni-a or Am-phi-ge-ní'al 29 Am-phil'o-chus Am-phin'o-mus Am-phi'on 28 * Am-phip'a-gus Am-phip'o-les * Am'py-cus A-my'cla AN An-thes-phoria An-thes-te'ri-a AN AN *An-cha'res An-droph'a-gi 3 An-cha'ri-a 7 An-dro-pom pus An'dros An-the'us * An-cha'tes An-chem'o-lus An-che-si'tes An-ches'mus An-chi'a-la or An-chi'a-le * An-chi-a-li'a An-chia-lus An-chi-moli-us An-chin'o-e † An-chi'sa † An-chi'se An-chi'ses An-chisi-a 11 An-chi-si'a-des An'cho-e † Anch'o-ra An-chu'rus An'a-ces or A-nac'tes An-cile An-a-char'sis A-na'ci-um 10 or *An-a-cium *An-a-cle'tus A-nac're-on or A-na'cre-on 23 An-ac-to'ri-a or An-ac-to'ri-um *A-nac'to-rum An-ac-to'ri-e An-a-gy-ron'tum * A-nagy-rus An-a-i'tis † An-a-ni'as An'a-phe An-a-phlystus † A-na'pi-us A-na'pus * A-nargy-ri A-nar'tes A'nas 1 *A-nath'e-ma A-nato-le A-nau'chi-das 12 A-nau'rus A-nau'sis A'nax 1 An-ax-ago-ras An-ax-an'dri-des An-ax-are-te An-ax-e'nor A-naxi-las or An-ax-ip'o-lis A-nax'o An-ce'us An-ca-li'tes An-ca'ri-us An'con or An-co'na An'cus Marti-us An-cy'le † An-cy'ra An-cy're * An-cy'ron An'da * An-dab'a-lis An-dab'a-tæ * An-da'na An-da'ni-a An-de-ca'vi-a * An-de-ga'vum * An-de'ra An'des or † An-de-ca'o-nes An-doci-des An-dom'a-tis An-dræ'mon An-dra-ga'thi-us An-drag'a-thus An-dre'as * An'dre-as An'drew (Eng.) * An'dre-us * An-dre'mon An'dri-a An'dri-clus An-drobi-us † An-dro'cles An'dro-cles An-dro-cli'des 1 Amphigenia. See Iphigenia, and Rule 30, prefixed to this Vocabulary. 2 Anadyomene. This epithet, from the Greek ἄναδύω, emergens, signifying rising out of the water, is applied to the picture of Venus rising out of the sea, as originally painted by Apelles. I doubt not that some, who only hear this word, without seeing it written, suppose it to mean Anno Domini, the year of our Lord. 3 Andronicus. This word is uniformly pronounced by our prosodists with the penultimate accent; and yet, so averse is an English ear to placing the accent on the penult imate i, that by all English scholars we hear it placed upon the antepenultimate syllable. That this was the pronunciation of the word in Queen Elizabeth's time, appears plainly from the tragedy of Titus Andronicus, said to be written by * A-netor An-tin'o-mus or † Am-phin'o-mu * An'ga-n An-geli-a An-geli-on An-gu-iti-a 11 24 A'ni-a 7 An-i-ce'tus A-nici-a A-nici-um 24 A-nici-us Gallus * A-ni'gros An-thoʻres An-thra'ci-a 10 An-thro-pi'nus An-thro-po-mor-phita An-thro-poph'a-gi An-ti-a-ni'ra An'ti-as 10 *An-ti-bac-chi'us *An-tic'a-nis * An-tic'a-to An-tich'tho-nes * An-tic-i-nolis An-ti-cle/a An'ti-cles An-ti-cli'des An-tic'ra-gus An-tic'ra-tes An-tic'y-ra An-tid'o-mus An-tido-tus An-tig'e-nes An-ti-geni-das *An-ti-ge-nidas An-tigo-na An-tigo-ne An-ti-go'ni-a or -ne's * An-ti-go-nia An-tigo-nus An-ti-lib'a-nus An-tim'a-chus † An-tin'o-e *An-tin-o-e'a * An-ti-o-chi'a 29 An'ti-och (Eng.) An-ti'o-chus † An-ti-pa'ros An-tip'a-tris An-tiph'a-nes An-tiph'a-tes An-tiphi-lus Anti-phon An-tiph'o-nus Anti-phus *An-tip'o-des An-ti-poœ'nus An-tip'o-lis * An-drog'y-nus * An-drom'e-des An-dro-ni'cus3 28 An-tag'o-ras * An-te'a An-tem'næ * An'te-rus An'the-as or An'the-mus An-the-mu'si-a 10 *An-tirrhi-um *An-tir'rho-dos imate pronunciation adopted. It may, indeed, be questioned whether Shakspeare's learning extended to a knowledge of the quantity of this Græco-Latin word; but, as Mr. Stevens has justly observed, there is a greater number of classical allusions in this play than are scattered over all the rest of the performances on which the seal of Shakspeare is indu bitably fixed; and therefore it may be presumed that the author could not be ignorant of the Greek and Latin pro nunciation of this word, but followed the received English pronunciation of his time; and which, by all but professed scholars, is still continued. See Sopkronicus. (The analogy of the language, with which Shakspeare's authority can have nothing to do, is decisive in favor of the penultimate accentuation. Trollope.) Antiochia. For words of this termination, see Iphigenia |